“…Activated caspase-9 cleaved downstream caspase-3 and initiated the caspase cascade, ultimately inducing cell apoptosis. [32] Furthermore, CUR-2T inhibited cell growth by arresting cells in the G 0 /G 1 phase of the cell cycle.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Once released from the mitochondria, cytochrome c associated with the procaspase‐9/Apaf 1 complex to form the apoptosome. Activated caspase‐9 cleaved downstream caspase‐3 and initiated the caspase cascade, ultimately inducing cell apoptosis [32] . Furthermore, CUR‐2T inhibited cell growth by arresting cells in the G 0 /G 1 phase of the cell cycle.…”
Mitochondria have emerged as important targets in cancer therapy due to their key role in regulating energy supply, maintaining redox homeostasis, and intrinsic apoptosis. Curcumin (CUR) has shown promise in inhibiting the proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells by inducing apoptosis and arresting cell cycle. However, the clinical application of CUR has been limited by its low stability and poor tumor selectivity. To address these issues, the novel mitochondria-targeted curcumin derivatives were synthesized through the unilateral coupling (CUR-T) or bilateral coupling (CUR-2T) of curcumin's phenolic hydroxy groups with triphenyl phosphorus via ester bond. The aim was to achieve better stability, higher tumor selectivity, and stronger curative efficacy. The results of stability and biological experiments indicated that both stability and cytotoxicity were arranged in descending order of CUR-2T > CUR-T > CUR. In ovarian cancer cells (A2780 cells), CUR-2T showed well-defined preferential selectivity towards cancer cells and exhibited efficient anticancer efficacy due to its superior mitochondria accumulation ability. Subsequently, the mitochondrial redox balance was disrupted, accompanied by increased ROS levels, decreased ATP levels, dissipated MMP, and increased G 0 /G 1 phase arrest, leading to a higher apoptotic rate. In summary, the results of this study suggest that CUR-2T holds substantial promise for further development as a potential agent for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
“…Activated caspase-9 cleaved downstream caspase-3 and initiated the caspase cascade, ultimately inducing cell apoptosis. [32] Furthermore, CUR-2T inhibited cell growth by arresting cells in the G 0 /G 1 phase of the cell cycle.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Once released from the mitochondria, cytochrome c associated with the procaspase‐9/Apaf 1 complex to form the apoptosome. Activated caspase‐9 cleaved downstream caspase‐3 and initiated the caspase cascade, ultimately inducing cell apoptosis [32] . Furthermore, CUR‐2T inhibited cell growth by arresting cells in the G 0 /G 1 phase of the cell cycle.…”
Mitochondria have emerged as important targets in cancer therapy due to their key role in regulating energy supply, maintaining redox homeostasis, and intrinsic apoptosis. Curcumin (CUR) has shown promise in inhibiting the proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells by inducing apoptosis and arresting cell cycle. However, the clinical application of CUR has been limited by its low stability and poor tumor selectivity. To address these issues, the novel mitochondria-targeted curcumin derivatives were synthesized through the unilateral coupling (CUR-T) or bilateral coupling (CUR-2T) of curcumin's phenolic hydroxy groups with triphenyl phosphorus via ester bond. The aim was to achieve better stability, higher tumor selectivity, and stronger curative efficacy. The results of stability and biological experiments indicated that both stability and cytotoxicity were arranged in descending order of CUR-2T > CUR-T > CUR. In ovarian cancer cells (A2780 cells), CUR-2T showed well-defined preferential selectivity towards cancer cells and exhibited efficient anticancer efficacy due to its superior mitochondria accumulation ability. Subsequently, the mitochondrial redox balance was disrupted, accompanied by increased ROS levels, decreased ATP levels, dissipated MMP, and increased G 0 /G 1 phase arrest, leading to a higher apoptotic rate. In summary, the results of this study suggest that CUR-2T holds substantial promise for further development as a potential agent for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
“…However, when incubation with HAase at pH 5.0, the 48 h cumulative amount of PTX and CTS was accelerated to around 68% and 63%, respectively, mainly owing to the degradation of the CS corona and"proton sponge" effect. [33,46] Collectively, CS/LyP-1-PC Lip could not only prevent premature leakage of drugs, but also increase the PTX and CTS release by responding to the HAase at pH 5.0.…”
Section: Construction and Characterization Of Cs/lyp-1-pc Lipmentioning
confidence: 96%
“…[31] Compared with ordinary liposome, ligandmodified liposome shows increased tumor accumulation and specific intracellular uptake, which is anticipated to greatly facilitate anti-tumor effect. [32,33] Nevertheless, single-ligand-modified nanomedicine including liposome discloses mediocre selectivity owing to the slow turnover/recycling rate of receptors. [34,35] Dualligand-modified nanomedicine can simultaneously target two receptors to enhance uptake.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[40] In addition, chondroitin sulfate (CS) is an anionic polysaccharide with strong affinity for the CD44 receptor over-expressed on TNBC cells. [33,41] Therefore, LyP-1 and CS dual-modified liposome may achieve efficient codelivery of PTX and CTS.…”
Immunotherapy gains increasing focus in treating triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC), while its efficacy is greatly restricted owing to low tumor immunogenicity and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (ITM). Herein, a LyP‐1 and chondroitin sulfate (CS) dual‐modified liposome co‐loaded with paclitaxel (PTX) and cryptotanshinone (CTS), namely CS/LyP‐1‐PC Lip, is engineered for TNBC chemoimmunotherapy via induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD) and inhibition of signal transducer and activator of transcript‐3 (STAT3) activation. CS/LyP‐1‐PC Lip enhances cellular uptake through p32 and CD44 dual receptor‐mediated endocytosis. Within the tumor, the CS layer is continuously detached by hyaluronidase to release drugs. Subsequently, CTS sensitizes the cytotoxicity of PTX to 4T1 tumor cells. PTX induces ICD of tumor cells and facilitates infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocyte to provoke immune response. Meanwhile, the concomitant delivery of CTS inhibits STAT3 activation to decrease infiltration of regulatory T cell, M2‐type tumor‐associated macrophage, and myeloid‐derived suppressor cell, thus reversing ITM. Markedly, the dual‐targeting liposome shows superior anti‐tumor efficacy in subcutaneous TNBC mice and significant lung metastasis suppression in tumor metastasis model. Overall, this work offers a feasible combination regimen and a promising nanoplatform for the development of TNBC chemoimmunotherapy.
CD44, a nonkinase single span transmembrane glycoprotein, is a major cell surface receptor for many other extracellular matrix components as well as classic markers of cancer stem cells and immune cells. Through alternative splicing of CD44 gene, CD44 is divided into two isoforms, the standard isoform of CD44 (CD44s) and the variant isoform of CD44 (CD44v). Different isoforms of CD44 participate in regulating various signaling pathways, modulating cancer proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance, with its aberrant expression and dysregulation contributing to tumor initiation and progression. However, CD44s and CD44v play overlapping or contradictory roles in tumor initiation and progression, which is not fully understood. Herein, we discuss the present understanding of the functional and structural roles of CD44 in the pathogenic mechanism of multiple cancers. The regulation functions of CD44 in cancers‐associated signaling pathways is summarized. Moreover, we provide an overview of the anticancer therapeutic strategies that targeting CD44 and preclinical and clinical trials evaluating the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and drug‐related toxicity about CD44‐targeted therapies. This review provides up‐to‐date information about the roles of CD44 in neoplastic diseases, which may open new perspectives in the field of cancer treatment through targeting CD44.
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