Toxoplasmosis outbreak in Brazil, 2006 - Revisited

Silva, Guilherme Nunes do Rego e; Branco, Maria dos Remédios Freitas Carvalho; Rodrigues, Zulimar Márita Ribeiro; Santos, Alcione Miranda dos; Pereira, Paulo Roberto Mendes; Silva, Maria do Socorro da; Nunes, Ana Tereza de Sousa; Júnior, Audivan Ribeiro Garcês; Medeiros, Maria Nilza Lima; Azevedo, Conceição de Maria Pedrozo e Silva de; Queiroz, Rejane Christine de Sousa; Aquino, José

doi:10.1016/j.parepi.2019.e00117

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Thirty cases of acute toxoplasmosis were epidemiologically linked to consumption of faucet-mount filtered water [52]. This is a retrospective report of an outbreak that occurred in a small town, São Luís, with a population of 130 persons resident in 46 houses.…”

Section: São Luís Maranhãomentioning

confidence: 99%

Outbreaks of clinical toxoplasmosis in humans: five decades of personal experience, perspectives and lessons learned

Dubey

2021

Parasites Vectors

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Background The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii has a worldwide distribution and a very wide host range, infecting most warm-blooded hosts. Approximately 30% of humanity is infected with T. gondii, but clinical toxoplasmosis is relatively infrequent. Toxoplasmosis has a wide range of clinical symptoms involving almost all organ systems. In most persons that acquire infection postnatally, symptoms (when present) are mild and mimic other diseases such as flu, Lyme disease, Q fever, hematological alterations, or mumps. It is likely that clinical disease is more common than reported. The ingestion of infected meat or food and water contaminated with oocysts are the two main modes of postnatal transmission of Toxoplasma gondii. The infective dose and the incubation period of T. gondii infection are unknown because there are no human volunteer experiments. Methods Here, I have critically reviewed outbreaks of clinical toxoplasmosis in humans for the past 55 years, 1966–2020. Information from oocyst-acquired versus meat-acquired infections was assessed separately. Results Most outbreaks were from Brazil. There were no apparent differences in types or severity of symptoms in meat- versus oocyst-acquired infections. Fever, cervical lymphadenopathy, myalgia, and fatigue were the most important symptoms, and these symptoms were not age-dependent. The incubation period was 7–30 days. A genetic predisposition to cause eye disease is suspected in the parasites responsible for three outbreaks (in Brazil, Canada, and India). Only a few T. gondii tissue cysts might suffice to cause infection, as indicated by outbreaks affecting some (but not all) individuals sharing a meal of infected meat. Conclusions Whether the high frequency of outbreaks of toxoplasmosis in humans in Brazil is related to environmental contamination, poor hygiene, socioeconomic conditions, or to genotypes of T. gondii needs investigation. Graphic Abstract

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Section: São Luís Maranhãomentioning

confidence: 99%

Outbreaks of clinical toxoplasmosis in humans: five decades of personal experience, perspectives and lessons learned

Dubey

2021

Parasites Vectors

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“…LAMP: loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Articles with results only or also based on microscopy assay or other methods that were not specified: [ 78 , 86 , 96 , 99 , 104 , 105 , 107 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 116 , 117 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contamination of Soil, Water, Fresh Produce, and Bivalve Mollusks with Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts: A Systematic Review

et al. 2022

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Toxoplasma gondii is a major foodborne pathogen capable of infecting all warm-blooded animals, including humans. Although oocyst-associated toxoplasmosis outbreaks have been documented, the relevance of the environmental transmission route remains poorly investigated. Thus, we carried out an extensive systematic review on T. gondii oocyst contamination of soil, water, fresh produce, and mollusk bivalves, following the PRISMA guidelines. Studies published up to the end of 2020 were searched for in public databases and screened. The reference sections of the selected articles were examined to identify additional studies. A total of 102 out of 3201 articles were selected: 34 articles focused on soil, 40 focused on water, 23 focused on fresh produce (vegetables/fruits), and 21 focused on bivalve mollusks. Toxoplasma gondii oocysts were found in all matrices worldwide, with detection rates ranging from 0.09% (1/1109) to 100% (8/8) using bioassay or PCR-based detection methods. There was a high heterogeneity (I2 = 98.9%), which was influenced by both the sampling strategy (e.g., sampling site and sample type, sample composition, sample origin, season, number of samples, cat presence) and methodology (recovery and detection methods). Harmonized approaches are needed for the detection of T. gondii in different environmental matrices in order to obtain robust and comparable results.

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“… 7 T. gondii outbreaks have been described in different Brazilian areas including North, Southeast, and South regions. 9 , 10 , 13 We were not able to determine the origin of the T. gondii strain due to the low number of specific T. gondii reads obtained during the mNGS. However, this could be an atypical strain of wild T. gondii which has entered the urban population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral metagenomics performed in patients with acute febrile syndrome during Toxoplasma gondii outbreak in south Brazil

Bezerra

Diefenbach²,

Pereira³

et al. 2020

The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Toxoplasmosis outbreak in Brazil, 2006 - Revisited

Cited by 11 publications

References 10 publications

Outbreaks of clinical toxoplasmosis in humans: five decades of personal experience, perspectives and lessons learned

Outbreaks of clinical toxoplasmosis in humans: five decades of personal experience, perspectives and lessons learned

Contamination of Soil, Water, Fresh Produce, and Bivalve Mollusks with Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts: A Systematic Review

Viral metagenomics performed in patients with acute febrile syndrome during Toxoplasma gondii outbreak in south Brazil

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