Toxoplasmosis. Mechanisms of Infection, Laboratory Diagnosis and Management

Frenkel, J. K.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-64996-7_2

Cited by 17 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…In this case, protection against death was achieved when the treatment was initiated as late as 6 weeks after the mice had been infected. Thus, mice begun on treatment with 100 mg of 566C80 per kg per day 6 weeks following infection and e COWNXOL continued on treatment for 8 weeks did not die. In contrast, 0 TREATED untreated controls began dying 6 weeks after infection, and all were dead by week 13.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…There are reports in the literature suggesting that prolonged treatment with the pyrimethamine-sulfonamide combination may result in a reduction of the number of cysts in the brains of chronically infected mice (9,26,27). However, because of the variation in the reported observations, the general consensus is that tissue cysts of T. gondii are resistant to killing iTMENT by the pyrimethamine-sulfonamide combination (6,8) or by ie cysts of T.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although mg/kg/day was the opinions of scientists and clinicians regarding the antiwas continued cyst activities of various drugs for the treatment of T. gondii times, and the may vary (6,9,26,27), most agree that the cyst form is the r initiation of most important of the stages of the life cycle of the parasite terminated. At in regard to the pathogenesis of toxoplasmosis in immunord deviation of compromised individuals, particularly in regard to the develrepresents the opment of toxoplasmic encephalitis (7,8,13 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Remarkable in vitro and in vivo activities of the hydroxynaphthoquinone 566C80 against tachyzoites and tissue cysts of Toxoplasma gondii

Araujo

Huskinson

Remington

1991

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

204

110

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Compound 566C80, 2-[trans-4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl]-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, was studied for its in vitro and in vivo activities against Toxoplasma gondii. Replication within human foreskin fibroblasts of tachyzoites of seven different strains, five of them isolated from AIDS patients, was inhibited by concentrations as low as 4.8 x 10-9 M. In vivo, a dose of 100 mg/kg of body weight per day, administered by gavage for 10 days, protected 100% of mice against death due to infection with five different strains of T. gondii, including the highly virulent RH strain. A dose of 50 mg/kg/day protected at least 80% 'of mice infected with the same inoculum, and a dose as low as 9.3 mg/kg/day protected 40 to 60% of mice. Treatment with 50 mg/kg/day for 30 days completely eradicated parasites from mice infected with four of five strains of T. gondii. 566C80 was active in vitro against the cyst stage of T. gondii at concentrations of 50 to 100 ,ug/ml. In vivo activity against this form of T. gondii was examined in mice infected for 6 weeks with strain ME49 and then treated orally with 100 mg of 566C80 per kg per day for 8 weeks. Treated mice sacrfficed at 2-week intervals revealed a steady decline in the numbers of cysts in their brains compared with untreated controls. In addition, mortality as well as clinical signs of brain infection was absent from treated mice, whereas control mice had a high mortality rate and showed clinical signs of central nervous system infection. These results reveal remarkable in vitro and in vivo activities of 566C80 against T. gondii.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Remarkable in vitro and in vivo activities of the hydroxynaphthoquinone 566C80 against tachyzoites and tissue cysts of Toxoplasma gondii

Araujo

Huskinson

Remington

1991

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

204

110

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“…Se estima que el 60% de personas son reactoras a esta parasitosis a nivel mundial (Amato Neto et al, 1995). La ocurrencia de toxoplasmosis ha estado mayormente ligada a cuadros de carácter subclínico, y el interés de esta parasitosis estaba circunscrita a problemas de mortalidad neonatal y abortos, siendo muy baja la frecuencia de casos clínicos (Frenkel, 1971;Scott, 1978); sin embargo, con el advenimiento del Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida (SIDA), esta protozoonosis se ha convertido en motivo de preocupación por parte de las autoridades sanitarias internacionales de salud. Estas instituciones recomiendan actualmente la revisión de los aspectos epidemiológicos, patogenia, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la toxoplasmosis, por haberse constituido en una de las más importantes y frecuentes enfermedades oportunistas asociadas con el SIDA.…”

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Toxoplasmosis en Alpacas De La Sierra Altoandina

Suárez

Flores

Chávez

et al. 2013

Rev. investig. vet. Perú

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The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii) in an alpaca farm in the southern part of Peru. Blood samples of 278 alpacas (68 male and 210 females) of different ages were collected and analyzed using the indirect immunofluorescense test. The prevalence was 34.5% (CI 0.95 = 28.9 ? p ? 40.1%).The prevalence was significantly affected (p<0.05) by sex (males: 3.0; females: 44.8%) and age (?3 years = 16.7; > 3 years = 40.8).

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“…At present, the treatment of choice for toxoplasmosis, including toxoplasmic encephalitis, is the combination pyrimethamine-sulfonamide (3,12,13,16). The general consensus, however, is that cysts of T. gondii are not affected by treatment with this drug combination (3,13,14).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro and in vivo activities of the hydroxynaphthoquinone 566C80 against the cyst form of Toxoplasma gondii

Araujo

Huskinson-Mark

Gutteridge

et al. 1992

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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The in vitro and in vivo activities of the hydroxynaphthoquinone 566C80 against the cyst form of Toxoplasma gondii were evaluated. In vitro treatment (100 ,Ig of 566C80 per ml for 3 days) of cysts isolated from brains of mice infected for 1, 2, 3, 4, or 9 months resulted in loss of viability of the cysts and did not reveal any influence of the duration of in vivo infection on sensitivity to the drug. In vivo experiments to determine the effect of prolonged treatment with 200 mg of 566C80 per kg of body weight per day on cysts in brains of CBA/Ca mice infected with strain ME49 revealed a steady and significant decline in the numbers of cysts compared with the numbers in untreated controls. Histopathology of brains from control mice revealed inflammatory infiltrates around capillaries and in the parenchymas and meninges which were consistently less evident in the brains of treated mice. In addition, cysts were rarely observed in treated mice, whereas extensive inflammation and large numbers of cysts were found throughout the entire brain in control mice infected for the same period. The reduction in the numbers of cysts was evident as early as day 5 of treatment but was more marked at 8 weeks of treatment. The numbers of cysts in the brains of Swiss Webster mice infected for 3 or 6 months also significantly decreased following treatment for 15 or 30 days with the same dose of 566C80. Our results indicate that 566C80 has excellent activity against cysts of T. gondii both in vivo and in vitro and that sensitivity of the cysts to 566C80 is not affected by the duration of the infection in vivo.

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Toxoplasmosis. Mechanisms of Infection, Laboratory Diagnosis and Management

Cited by 17 publications

References 103 publications

Remarkable in vitro and in vivo activities of the hydroxynaphthoquinone 566C80 against tachyzoites and tissue cysts of Toxoplasma gondii

Remarkable in vitro and in vivo activities of the hydroxynaphthoquinone 566C80 against tachyzoites and tissue cysts of Toxoplasma gondii

Toxoplasmosis en Alpacas De La Sierra Altoandina

In vitro and in vivo activities of the hydroxynaphthoquinone 566C80 against the cyst form of Toxoplasma gondii

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