Toxoplasmosis

Oréfice, Fernando; Vasconcelos-Santos, Daniel Vítor; Costa, R. A.; Oréfice, Juliana Lambert

doi:10.1007/978-3-540-75387-2_138

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 112 publications

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“…Although in recent years various real estate assessment procedures have been proposed [35][36][37], in the current case the most appropriate procedure is identified in the traditional so-called transformation value method (TVM), to estimate a real asset's transformation value, which corresponds to the current (market) value of said asset in relation to the tangible and legally admissible possibilities of being able to transform it [38]. According to the most widespread scientific literature in the area of EU and also Italian appraisal, as discussed in paragraph 2.3, market value (hereinafter MV) and transformation value (hereinafter TV) in the case of buildable areas coincide: To estimate the MV of a buildable area, it is therefore necessary to use the TV [38][39][40][41][42].…”

Section: Appraisal Tool: the Transformation Value Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Methodological Approach for the Assessment of Potentially Buildable Land for Tax Purposes: The Italian Case Study

Battisti

Campo

Forte

2020

Land

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According to Italian legislation for a particular type of real property—lands/areas subject to buildability, but not yet currently buildable—there is a problem related to their “qualification”, or whether or not they must be considered buildable for the purposes of their recurrent taxation. These potentially buildable (POBU) areas, that were previously zoned as “agricultural”, have been rezoned as “general urban planning instruments/regulations” (the General Urban Development Plans or variances, which regulate land governance), whose approval path has yet to be concluded. Their value—the taxable base underpinning their taxation—clearly depends on their qualification (whether or not they are considered buildable). This has produced, in recent years, several disputes between owners and local governments; the law did not give univocal solutions: Today (2019), there is a conflict of case law in relation to considering these areas as being building areas, as it is not clear what estimating procedures should be used. This article is thus based on the assumption that responding to the problems connected with taxing POBU areas must be considered separately from (overcoming, in this way, conflicting case law) the “virtual” qualification of agricultural or buildable area, but must instead, and more simply, be considered as the actual condition it is found in (likelihood of having building potential in the future), and therefore its limitations (present at the time of taxation) and the time necessary for the building to actually be built and not just “potential”. The approach proposed in this article thus offers a solution to the problem that has been raised, by modifying the current de jure approach (defining the moment when the building right is manifested) towards an assessment/appraisal approach (defining the value of the potentially buildable (POBU) area, in relation to its actual conditions). To implement this approach, a methodology—proposing an upgrade of the traditional analytic procedure for the assessment of transformation value has been structured in a way such that consideration may be made of the components characterizing the potentially buildable areas by means of appropriate assessment parameters that go towards forming these areas’ value: These are the market value discount rate of the POBU area in relation to the uncertainty and risk of reaching effective and concrete buildability, and the estimated time needed to complete the procedural path for making the area actually buildable.

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Section: Appraisal Tool: the Transformation Value Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Methodological Approach for the Assessment of Potentially Buildable Land for Tax Purposes: The Italian Case Study

Battisti

Campo

Forte

2020

Land

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“…These antibodies act on extracellular tachyzoites released by the lysis of infected cells and limit their replication by lysing them in the presence of complement factors, helping opsonization and macrophage phagocytosis [42].…”

Section: Nanoparticles Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoparticles as a Delivery System of Antigens for the Development of an Effective Vaccine against Toxoplasma gondii

et al. 2023

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Nanoparticles include particles ranging in size from nanometers to micrometers, whose physicochemical characteristics are optimized to make them appropriate delivery vehicles for drugs or immunogens important in the fight and/or prevention of infectious diseases. There has been a rise in the use of nanoparticles in preventive vaccine formulations as immunostimulatory adjuvants, and as vehicles for immunogen delivery to target immune cells. Toxoplasma is important worldwide, and may cause human toxoplasmosis. In immunocompetent hosts, infection is usually asymptomatic, but in immunocompromised patients it can cause serious neurological and ocular consequences, such as encephalitis and retinochoroiditis. Primary infection during pregnancy may cause abortion or congenital toxoplasmosis. Currently, there is no effective human vaccine against this disease. Evidence has emerged from several experimental studies testing nanovaccines showing them to be promising tools in the prevention of experimental toxoplasmosis. For the present study, a literature review was carried out on articles published over the last 10 years through the PubMed database, pertaining to in vivo experimental models of T. gondii infection where nanovaccines were tested and protection and immune responses evaluated. This review aims to highlight the way forward in the search for an effective vaccine for toxoplasmosis.

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“…For the accessibility to the building and the floor level (with or without lift within the building), the coefficients shown in Tables 3 and 4 are adopted. The values are determined by analyzing previous studies [39][40][41][42][43][44] and taking into account the specific building characteristics of each subject.…”

Section: The Mass Appraisal Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infrastructures and Sustainability: An Estimation Model for a New Highway Near Genoa

Rosasco

Sdino

2020

Sustainability

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The economic development of a territory is strongly correlated to its level of infrastructure (railway, roads, etc.); the complexity of this type of works requires careful planning and design that cannot be separated from the assessment of the impacts generated on citizenship affected by the new infrastructures. This study deals with the instrument defined by the Liguria Region for the implementation of infrastructures through the instruments called “Programmi Regionali di Intervento Strategico—P.R.I.S.” (Regional Strategic Intervention Programs) established by the Regional Law n. 39/2007. The aim of the P.R.I.S. is to guarantee the social protection of citizens that reside (as owners or tenants) or carry out economic activities in real estate units incompatible with the construction of the infrastructure, according to the main Italian law (Presidential Decree n. 327/2001) about the expropriation of private real estate for the construction of public works. In particular, the construction of a new link of the A7-A10-A12 motorway sections near the city of Genoa (called “Gronda”) is considered. The new infrastructure involves the expropriation of about 100 residential units and the relocation of about 50 production activities; the related P.R.I.S. defines the conditions that allow social cohesion through the recognition of indemnities for the expropriation of the real estate properties and the compensation of other expenses that the residents have to pay for their relocation. The valuation of the indemnities is developed through a multi-parameter model applicable for the estimation of real estate units (residential and productive) at a large-scale (mass appraisal); it is derived from the Market Comparison Approach and considers the most meaningful real estate characteristics. The aim is to develop a mass appraisal estimation model applicable in an easy way on real estate units with different destinations use. The model can be applied for the estimation of ordinary and special indemnities to be recognized for owners and tenants affected by the expropriation of their real estate units for the construction of public projects.

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Toxoplasmosis

Cited by 10 publications

References 112 publications

A Methodological Approach for the Assessment of Potentially Buildable Land for Tax Purposes: The Italian Case Study

A Methodological Approach for the Assessment of Potentially Buildable Land for Tax Purposes: The Italian Case Study

Nanoparticles as a Delivery System of Antigens for the Development of an Effective Vaccine against Toxoplasma gondii

Infrastructures and Sustainability: An Estimation Model for a New Highway Near Genoa

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