Toxoplasmic Encephalitis

Luft, Benjamin J.; Remington, J S

doi:10.1093/infdis/157.1.1

Cited by 430 publications

(174 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Different T. gondii strains have been characterized and each one shows tropism and/ or virulence to specific host such as type II strain that has been associated to patients with immunosuppressive disorders 10,17 . Recent report on American AIDS patients showed more prevalence and virulence of strain I when compared to strain III and Abscense of strain II, unlike Europe where the later is more prevalent 15 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the first acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases described, it was observed an increased number of meningoencephalitis by Toxoplasma gondii in these patients due to reactivation of latent foci in the central nervous system (CNS) 8,11 . This disease is considered one of the most frequent AIDS defining condition around the world 3,17,18 . Pneumonitis and myocarditis are also commonly diagnosed usually associated to disseminated disease, but any organ or system can eventually be involved 5,10,12 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Disseminated toxoplasmosis presenting as sepsis in two AIDS patients

Barbosa

Molina

Souza

et al. 2007

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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SUMMARYThis report describes two patients who presented acute disseminated and severe toxoplasmosis as the first opportunistic disease related to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. At admission, clinical and laboratory findings were similar to sepsis or septic shock and a fast evolutive course to death occurred in both cases. At necropsy, an inflammatory reaction and presence of a great number of Toxoplasma gondii cysts and tachyzoites were observed in most organs examined.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disseminated toxoplasmosis presenting as sepsis in two AIDS patients

Barbosa

Molina

Souza

et al. 2007

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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“…Because even immune competent WT C57BL/6 mice are highly susceptible to toxoplasmic encephalitis, it is likely that the increased parasite numbers observed in c-Rel Ϫ/Ϫ C57BL/6 mice contribute to an accelerated form of toxoplasmic encephalitis in these mice. In addition, the reduced numbers of CD4 ϩ T cells in the brains of infected c-Rel Ϫ/Ϫ mice are likely to be a factor in the failure to control parasite replication and the development of lesions similar to those seen in T cell-deficient hosts (29,30).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

T Cell-Intrinsic Expression of c-Rel Regulates Th1 Cell Responses Essential for Resistance toToxoplasma gondii

Mason

Liou

Hunter

2004

The Journal of Immunology

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The ability of many microbial and inflammatory stimuli to activate members of the Rel/NF-κB family of transcription factors is associated with the regulation of innate and adaptive responses required to control infection. Individual family members play distinct roles during different infectious and inflammatory responses. For example, c-Rel is essential for the production of IL-12 in response to LPS, but dispensable for IL-12 production in response to Toxoplasma Ag. To assess the role of c-Rel during immunity to the intracellular pathogen Toxoplasma gondii, wild-type (WT) and c-Rel−/− mice were infected with Toxoplasma and the immune response was analyzed. c-Rel−/− mice developed severe toxoplasmic encephalitis with increased numbers of parasites compared with WT controls and succumbed to infection within 5–8 wk. Although increased susceptibility of c-Rel−/− mice was associated with decreased T cell activation, proliferation, and production of IFN-γ, these mice were able to generate Th1 effector cells that were present in the brain during chronic infection. In vitro mixing studies using WT and c-Rel−/− dendritic cells and WT and c-Rel−/− TCR transgenic T cells indicated that c-Rel−/− dendritic cells are defective in their ability to stimulate T cell responses. However, when c-Rel−/− T cells were transferred into T cell-deficient hosts, early defects in T cell activation, proliferation, and IFN-γ production persisted, and these mice remained susceptible to infection. Together, these studies indicate that although c-Rel is an important regulator of innate immune responses, it also plays an important role in optimization and maintenance of adaptive T cell responses during infection.

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“…In Germany, between 40 and 70% of the population is estimated to have antibodies to T. gondii; in France, 80%; in Indonesia, 1-60%; in Hong Kong, 9.8%; and in Africa, 15-60% 14 . These high levels of antibodies indicate significant risk of toxoplasmic encephalitis to AIDS patients.…”

Section: Toxoplasmosis In Aids Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic losses caused by foodborne parasitic diseases

1994

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Fragmentary data indicate that zoonotic parasites cause human illnesses with medical costs and productivity and disability losses totalling billions of dollars annually. Food is an important vehicle for some of these parasitic diseases. The cost to public health is not reflected in the priorities given to these parasitic diseases in either research or public health planning. In this article, Tanya Roberts, Darwin Murrell and Suzanne Marks discuss the cost of toxoplasmosis, taeniasis, cysticercosis, trichinellosis and other foodborne parasitic diseases.Worldwide economic losses caused by foodborne parasitic zoonoses are difficult to assess. The prevalence of specific parasites in the food supply varies between countries and regions, and data on prevalence are fragmentary. Dietary preferences and food preparation practices affect the probability of eating contaminated food. For example, consuming raw or undercooked meat, poultry or seafood increases risk. There are few studies estimating the costs of parasitic foodborne disease. Generally, these studies estimate medical costs and productivity losses due to worker illness or death, but may include different cost categories or use different methodologies and assumptions. This review summarizes the available human illness cost estimates of the following foodborne parasitic zoonoses: toxoplasmosis, taeniasis/cysticercosis, trichinellosis and opisthorchiasis. The cost estimates are fragmentary and are primarily for developed countries because of the lack of suitable economic data from other countries.

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Toxoplasmic Encephalitis

Cited by 430 publications

References 8 publications

Disseminated toxoplasmosis presenting as sepsis in two AIDS patients

Disseminated toxoplasmosis presenting as sepsis in two AIDS patients

T Cell-Intrinsic Expression of c-Rel Regulates Th1 Cell Responses Essential for Resistance toToxoplasma gondii

Economic losses caused by foodborne parasitic diseases

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