Toxoplasma gondii Pneumonitis in Patients Infected With the Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Schnapp, Lynn M.; Geaghan, Sharon M.; Campagna, Anthony C.; Fahy, John V.; Steiger, David; Ng, Valerie; Hadley, W K; Hopewell, Philip C.; Stansell, John

doi:10.1001/archinte.1992.00400170145026

Cited by 34 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…HIV-related PT was first described in 1984 [5]. The manifestations of PT observed in this survey were similar to those described in earlier reports [6][7][8]. PT presented mainly as a febrile illness associated with respiratory symptoms.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Pulmonary Toxoplasmosis in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A French National Survey

Rabaud

May²,

Lucet³

et al. 1996

Clinical Infectious Diseases

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We reviewed all cases of pulmonary toxoplasmosis (PT) that were documented by detection of Toxoplasma gondii in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid specimens during a French nationwide review of extracerebral toxoplasmosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Only 64 cases of proven PT were recorded during the 33-month survey. The patients were similar to other patients with AIDS in terms of age, sex, and risk factors for HIV infection. PT occurred mainly in patients with advanced immunodeficiency (mean [+/- SD] CD4+ lymphocyte count, 40 +/- 75/mm3). Clinical features of PT usually include fever, cough and dyspnea; the associated radiological findings were mainly diffuse interstitial infiltrates. Serological data were uninformative. The treatment for PT was the same as that for cerebral toxoplasmosis. A clinical response was observed for 47% of patients, 23% of whom relapsed. Twenty-four patients (37%) died of toxoplasmosis, and 17 (27%) died of other causes. The median survival time was 150 days. We conclude that PT is an infrequent but severe infection in HIV-patients in France.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Pulmonary Toxoplasmosis in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A French National Survey

Rabaud

May²,

Lucet³

et al. 1996

Clinical Infectious Diseases

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“…It is the second or third most frequent systemic infection among immunodepressed persons after brain and cardiac locations [130,131]. Apart from AIDS [132][133][134][135][136], other processes, such as malign haematological pathologies and organ transplants, are also important causes of pulmonary toxoplasmosis [137][138][139][140][141][142][143]. In the majority of these cases, the most widely accepted hypothesis regarding the development of pulmonary toxoplasmosis is the reactivation of a previously latent infection [144,145], the levels of interferon--c and the activity of alveolar macrophages being important causative factors.…”

Section: Genus Toxoplasmamentioning

confidence: 99%

Protozoa in respiratory pathology: a review

Martínez‐Girón¹,

Esteban²,

Ribas³

et al. 2008

European Respiratory Journal

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Among the micro-organisms that may affect the respiratory apparatus are the protozoa. The diseases they may give rise to constitute a relatively uncommon group of respiratory ailments with, in the majority of cases, an underlying clinical situation corresponding to states of suppressed immunity (AIDS, transplants, malign haemopathies, corticotherapy, etc.). Other factors, such as visits to endemic areas and immigration, also have to be taken into account.In view of the probable increase in the number of cases and the appearance of new emerging diseases, it is the intention of the present work to review the publications available, in different fields of medicine, that refer to the principal kinds of protozoa (Entamoeba,

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“…Toxoplasma gondii may be directly responsible for mild gastrointestinal, pulmonary and nervous system ailments (Hofman et al, 1993) and specifically when the CD41 T-cell levels decrease to o 100 mm À3 in HIV infection (Bartlett, 2004). It is the second or the third most frequent systemic infection among immunocompromised individuals (Mendelson et al, 1987;Oksenhendler et al, 1990;Pomeroy & Filice, 1992;Schnapp et al, 1992;Nash et al, 1994;Rabaud et al, 1996). Although T. gondii has never been suggested to be a prime cause of acute respiratory disease (ARD) or fatal pneumonia in AIDS, recent literatures suggest the association of T. gondii with ARD in terminal HIV disease.…”

Section: Phylum: Apicomplexamentioning

confidence: 99%

Common protozoans as an uncommon cause of respiratory ailments in HIV-associated immunodeficiency

Shankar

Vignesh

Murugavel

et al. 2009

FEMS Immunology &Amp; Medical Microbiology

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Opportunistic infections (OIs) are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity among HIV-positive subjects. The breadth of reports of the rare occurrence of OIs in HIV/AIDS has been increasing over the years and more recent studies have outlined the changing trends in the emergence of newer pathogens. Recent reports of the association of certain protozoans that normally do not infect sites other than their normal sites of localization have generated huge interest among scientists. The complete depression of the immune system, followed by the onset of OIs, especially due to protozoans, i.e. toxoplasmosis, isosporiasis, leishmaniasis, cyclosporosis, microsporidiosis and cryptosporidiosis, is not uncommon in AIDS. The immunologic and pathologic basis behind the susceptibility of immunodepressed individuals to these 'non-site-specific parasites' is likely to have a huge impact on HIV disease progression. Certain possible shortcomings in the immunologic armory of immunodeficient subjects, their failure to contain the establishment of these 'uncommon' agents in the human host and their significance in HIV disease progression are discussed.

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Toxoplasma gondii Pneumonitis in Patients Infected With the Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Cited by 34 publications

References 11 publications

Pulmonary Toxoplasmosis in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A French National Survey

Pulmonary Toxoplasmosis in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A French National Survey

Protozoa in respiratory pathology: a review

Common protozoans as an uncommon cause of respiratory ailments in HIV-associated immunodeficiency

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