Toxoplasma gondii infection in wild boars (Sus scrofa) from the State of São Paulo, Brazil: Serology, molecular characterization, and hunter's perception on toxoplasmosis

Machado, Dália Monique Ribeiro; Barros, Luiz Daniel de; Nino, Beatriz de Souza Lima; Pollo, Andressa de Souza; Silva, Ana Clécia dos Santos; Perles, Lívia; André, Marcos Rogério; Machado, Rosângela Zacarias; Garcia, João Luís; Hoppe, Estevam Guilherme Lux

doi:10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100534

Cited by 14 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In 2013, the Brazilian environmental agency authorized the hunt of wild boars to control the species’ spread [ 10 ], which became the most popular control strategy in the subsequent years in the country [ 11 ]. With the popularization of wild boar hunting, the consumption of their meat became a common practice among hunters in Brazil [ 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and Integrative Taxonomy of Helminths of Invasive Wild Boars, Brazil

et al. 2023

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Wild boars (Sus scrofa) are a significant invasive species in Brazil. We evaluated the helminth diversity of 96 wild boars in São Paulo state. Helminth infection descriptors were calculated, the species were identified and their 18S, 28S rDNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were amplified for phylogenetic analyses. Ascarops strongylina, Strongyloides ransomi, Globocephalus urosubulatus, Oesophagostomum dentatum, Trichuris suis, Metastrongylus salmi, Metastrongylus pudendotecus, Ascaris suum and Stephanurus dentatus and Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus were identified. Globocephalus urosubulatus had the highest prevalence and mean abundance, and most animals had mixed infections with three parasite species. There was no association between parasite intensity and prevalence and host sex and body condition index (p > 0.05). Novel DNA sequences were obtained from G. urosubulatus, A. strongylina, and S. dentatus. This is the first study on the helmint diversity of non-captive wild boars in Brazil, and the first report of the occurrence of M. hirudinaceus, G. urosubulatus and S. dentatus in Brazilian wild boars. Non-captive wild boars of São Paulo State did not act as capture hosts for native helminth species but maintained their typical parasites, common to domestic pigs. They may act as parasite dispersers for low-tech subsistence pig farming and for native Tayassuidae.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and Integrative Taxonomy of Helminths of Invasive Wild Boars, Brazil

et al. 2023

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“…A survey with registered hunters from São Paulo State, however, revealed that 84.2% of them consume wild boar meat, and even though they recognize that game meat can represent a health risk, 15.8% prefer undercooked meat. In addition, 26.3% of the hunters reported using game meat for the manufacture of products such as sausages and salami, thus presenting a potential risk to human and animal health [ 56 ]. The cultural habit of consuming hunted wild boar meat in Brazil is recent, since hunting this species has only been allowed in 2013 [ 57 ] and may represent a change in human behavior and the introduction of new eating habits, which could lead to increased exposure to and risk of contracting trichinellosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seropositive Wild Boars Suggesting the Occurrence of a Wild Cycle of Trichinella spp. in Brazil

Silva

Mendonça

Machado

et al. 2022

Animals

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Trichinella is a zoonotic nematode traditionally detected worldwide in both domestic and wild animals. In South America, along with the occurrence of this parasite in domestic pigs and wild boars, there are reports of infection in wild carnivores. Brazil is considered free of the domestic cycle of Trichinella, but there is unpublished serological evidence of infection in wild boars, which changed the Brazilian status in OIE regarding the disease after an official communication. We investigated Trichinella spp. infection in wild boars and wild carnivores in the Southeastern region of Brazil. A total of 136 samples were tested, 121 from wild boars and 15 from wild carnivores. Artificial enzymatic digestion (AED) tests were performed on muscle samples from 37 wild boars and 15 wild carnivores, and 115 serum samples from wild boars were tested by iELISA. Seven serum samples from wild boars tested positive (7/115 = 6.1%, 95% CI 3.0–12.0), but no larvae were found in the AED. There was no significant difference between sex, age, and location of the samples. The serological results suggest that a wild cycle of Trichinella spp. may occur in Brazil, but further analyses should be performed to confirm the presence of the parasite.

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“…These findings enhance the importance of controlling these animals, not only given the direct or indirect impacts that these animals have on biodiversity (Landaeta‐Aqueveque et al., 2018; Poulin, 2017; Simeone & Luna‐Jorquera, 2012; Wilcove et al., 1998), but also given the importance that they have in public health (Landaeta‐Aqueveque, Moreno Salas, et al., 2021; Martino et al., 2017). Trichinella is not the sole parasite that affects humans and uses allochthonous animals as part of its reservoir; for instance, Toxoplasma gondii is another foodborne parasitosis that has also been found in allochthonous game animals (Machado et al., 2021; Winter et al., 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…for instance, Toxoplasma gondii is another foodborne parasitosis that has also been found in allochthonous game animals (Machado et al, 2021;Winter et al, 2019).…”

Section: Ramirezmentioning

confidence: 99%

The genus Trichinella and its presence in wildlife worldwide: A review

Crisóstomo-Jorquera

Landaeta‐Aqueveque

2022

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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The genus Trichinella has a worldwide distribution, infecting people, domestic animals, and wildlife. It includes 13 genotypes, which are geographically delimited; Trichinella is transmitted to people through the ingestion of undercooked meat. Historically, it has been associated with pigs, but most Trichinella species affect wildlife, and cases of trichinellosis due to the consumption of game meat have been emerging. Therefore, it is important to monitor the sources of transmission to domestic animals and humans.The objective of this work was to analyse reports of Trichinella spp. in wild/feral animals around the world to identify the needs of future research in the epidemiology of the sylvatic cycle. A search of studies published until 2021 was conducted using Web of Science and SciELO. In the Palearctic, the most commonly studied hosts were wild boars and red foxes, and hosts with the highest prevalence rates were polar bears and martens. In the Nearctic, red foxes and black bears were the most frequently studied hosts, and the highest prevalence was found for wolverines and brown bears. In the Neotropics, positive reports were only identified in two countries, with wild boars being the most commonly studied species, and armadillos featuring the highest prevalence. In the Afrotropics, Trichinella limits its presence to Sub-Saharan Africa, where lions are the most studied hosts, and spotted hyenas have the highest prevalence. In the Indo-Malaya and Australasia ecozones, information on wildlife is scarce; the Norwegian rat is the most frequently studied host, and the Tasmanian devil has the highest prevalence of infection. In the last decade, research on world wildlife has increased which is associated with more frequent trichinellosis outbreaks caused by the consumption of wild meat. The results suggest the need to increase research in developing countries, particularly where more diverse sources of meat are available for human consumption.

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Toxoplasma gondii infection in wild boars (Sus scrofa) from the State of São Paulo, Brazil: Serology, molecular characterization, and hunter's perception on toxoplasmosis

Cited by 14 publications

References 45 publications

Epidemiology and Integrative Taxonomy of Helminths of Invasive Wild Boars, Brazil

Epidemiology and Integrative Taxonomy of Helminths of Invasive Wild Boars, Brazil

Seropositive Wild Boars Suggesting the Occurrence of a Wild Cycle of Trichinella spp. in Brazil

The genus Trichinella and its presence in wildlife worldwide: A review

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