Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara spp. Co-infection

Jones, Jeffrey L.; Kruszon-Moran, Deanna; Won, Kimberly Y.; Wilson, Marianna; Schantz, Peter

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2008.78.35

Cited by 80 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…After adjusting for risk and demographic factors by multivariate analysis, the results demonstrated that infection with Toxocara spp. was associated with almost twice the risk of infection with T. gondii (odds ratio [OR] ϭ 1.93; 95% confidence limit [CL] ϭ 1.61 to 2.31), and vice versa (OR ϭ 1.91; 95% CL ϭ 1.59 to 2.28) (113).…”

Section: Ocular Toxocariasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebral Toxocariasis: Silent Progression to Neurodegenerative Disorders?

et al. 2015

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SUMMARY Toxocara canis and T. cati are highly prevalent nematode infections of the intestines of dogs and cats. In paratenic hosts, larvae do not mature in the intestine but instead migrate through the somatic tissues and organs of the body. The presence of these migrating larvae can contribute to pathology. Toxocara larvae can invade the brains of humans, and while case descriptions of cerebral toxocariasis are historically rare, improved diagnosis and greater awareness have contributed to increased detection. Despite this, cerebral or neurological toxocariasis (NT) remains a poorly understood phenomenon. Furthermore, our understanding of cognitive deficits due to toxocariasis in human populations remains particularly deficient. Recent data describe an enhanced expression of biomarkers associated with brain injury, such as GFAP, AβPP, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), NF-L, S100B, tTG, and p-tau, in mice receiving even low doses of Toxocara ova. Finally, this review outlines a hypothesis to explore the relationship between the presence of T. canis larvae in the brain and the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to enhanced AD-associated neurodegenerative biomarker expression.

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Section: Ocular Toxocariasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebral Toxocariasis: Silent Progression to Neurodegenerative Disorders?

et al. 2015

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“…Contact with soil was identified as a strong risk factor in a European multicenter case-control study, and 6 to 17% of primary infections in humans were attributed to this risk factor (61). A U.S. study showed that the detection of antibodies against Toxoplasma was 2-fold higher in a population with positive Toxocara antibodies, suggesting a common exposure to contaminated soil (182). The risk of acquiring Toxoplasma infection after soil contact or ingestion is particularly high for children.…”

Section: Infection Through Oocystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of and Diagnostic Strategies for Toxoplasmosis

2012

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SUMMARY The apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii was discovered a little over 100 years ago, but knowledge of its biological life cycle and its medical importance has grown in the last 40 years. This obligate intracellular parasite was identified early as a pathogen responsible for congenital infection, but its clinical expression and the importance of reactivations of infections in immunocompromised patients were recognized later, in the era of organ transplantation and HIV infection. Recent knowledge of host cell-parasite interactions and of parasite virulence has brought new insights into the comprehension of the pathophysiology of infection. In this review, we focus on epidemiological and diagnostic aspects, putting them in perspective with current knowledge of parasite genotypes. In particular, we provide critical information on diagnostic methods according to the patient's background and discuss the implementation of screening tools for congenital toxoplasmosis according to health policies.

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“…conducted by Jones, that found a positive correlation between Toxocara spp. and T. gondii seroprevalence (17). In another study it was shown that there is a significant direct relationship between the high prevalence of Toxoplasma infection and schizophrenia (18).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Patients of the Isfahan Province

et al. 2016

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Background: Toxoplasma gondii, the etiologic agent of toxoplasmosis, is the most prevalent protozoan parasite in the world. Objectives: Due to high prevalence of toxoplasmosis as well zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis with Leishmania major origin in Isfahan, the main objective of this study was to determine, whether there is any correlation between these two protozoan infections and the intensity of the high prevalence of co-infection. Methods: All the case and control samples (80 individuals), collected from suspected patients that had referred for a skin test to the Isfahan dermatology and Leishmaniasis research center from August to November 2014, were investigated. About 2 mL of venipuncture blood was taken from each case and control group member, and serum was separated and stored at -20°C until the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of anti-Toxoplasma gondii specific IgM and IgG antibodies. Results: Overall, 27 (33.8%) candidates in the control group and 33 (41.3%) patients with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) were positive for Toxo-IgG. All samples were found to be Toxo-IgM negative. The prevalence difference of Toxoplasma infection in healthy controls and CL patients was not significant. Conclusions:The results of the present study showed that the prevalence difference of Toxoplasma infection in healthy controls and CL patients was not significant. This means, there was no relationship between infection with CL and toxoplasmosis, thus infection with Toxoplasma gondii wasn't a risk factor for infection with Leishmaniasis; Toxoplasma gondii didn't show a preventive or inhibitory role against Leishmania infection.

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Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara spp. Co-infection

Cited by 80 publications

References 18 publications

Cerebral Toxocariasis: Silent Progression to Neurodegenerative Disorders?

Cerebral Toxocariasis: Silent Progression to Neurodegenerative Disorders?

Epidemiology of and Diagnostic Strategies for Toxoplasmosis

Investigation of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Patients of the Isfahan Province

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