Toxins of molds from decaying tomato fruit

Harwig, J.; Scott, Peter; Stoltz, D.R.; Blanchfield, B.

doi:10.1128/aem.38.2.267-274.1979

Cited by 80 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…Alternaria spp. are prevalent ubiquitously appearing on the surface of cereals [2], vegetables [3] or fruits [4] as well as in the ground, on wood or walls. Exposure to Alternaria, especially Alternaria alternata has been associated with adverse health effects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternariol acts as a topoisomerase poison, preferentially affecting the IIα isoform

Fehr¹,

Pahlke²,

Fritz³

et al. 2009

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

175

161

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Alternariol (AOH), a mycotoxin formed by Alternaria alternata, has been reported to possess genotoxic properties. However, the underlying mechanism of action is unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that interactions with DNA-topoisomerases play a role in the DNA-damaging properties of AOH. First we compared DNA-damaging properties of AOH with other Alternaria mycotoxins such as AOH monomethyl ether (AME), altenuene and isoaltenuene. AOH and AME significantly increased the rate of DNA strand breaks in human carcinoma cells (HT29, A431) at micromolar concentrations, whereas altenuene and isoaltenuene did not affect DNA integrity up to 100 microM. Next, we selected AOH as the most DNA-damaging Alternaria metabolite for further studies of interactions with DNA topoisomerases. In cell-free assays, AOH potently inhibited DNA relaxation and stimulated DNA cleavage activities of topoisomerase I, IIalpha and IIbeta. Stabilisation of covalent topoisomerase II-DNA intermediates by AOH was also detectable in cell culture, and here, the IIalpha isoform was preferentially targeted. AOH is thus characterised as a poison of topoisomerase I and II with a certain selectivity for the IIalpha isoform. Since topoisomerase poisoning and DNA strand breakage occurred within the same concentration range, poisoning of topoisomerase I and II might at least contribute to the genotoxic properties of AOH.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternariol acts as a topoisomerase poison, preferentially affecting the IIα isoform

Fehr¹,

Pahlke²,

Fritz³

et al. 2009

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

175

161

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“…A. alternata has been demonstrated to produce some or all of these mycotoxins in various concentrations on tomatoes (17), sorghum (30), and pecans (31).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of water activity and temperature on mycotoxin production by Alternaria alternata in culture and on wheat grain

Magan¹,

Cayley²,

Lacey³

1984

Appl Environ Microbiol

103

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Both water activity (a,) and temperature affected the production of altenuene (AE), alternariol (AOH), and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) by Alternaria alternata on wheat extract agar and wheat grain. Greatest production of all three mycotoxins occurred at 0.98 'a and 25°C on both substrates. At 0.98 a, and 25°C, a single colony of A. alternata grown on wheat extract agar produced 807 jig of AOH, 603 jag of AME, and 169 jig of AE per ml in 30 days. However, production of all three mycotoxins at 0.95 a, was less than 40% of these amounts. Little toxin was produced at 0.90 a,. Changing temperature and a, altered the relative amounts of the different toxins produced on agar. At 15°C and 0.98 a,, maxima of 52 jag of AOH and 25 jxg of AME per ml were produced after 15 and 30 days, respectively, whereas AE continued to increase and reached 57 ,ug/ml after 40 days. At 15°C and 0.95 aw, production was, respectively, 62, 10, and 5 ,ug/ml after 40 days. All three metabolites were produced at 5°C and 0.98 to 0.95 a, and at 30°C and 0.98 to 0.90 a,. On wheat grain at 25°C and 0.98 to 0.95 aw, more AME was produced than AOH or AE, but at 15°C there was less AME than AOH or AE. Only trace amounts of AE, AOH, and AME were found at 15 to 25°C and 0.90 aw, but production of AME was inhibited at 30°C and 0.95 a, or less.

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“…Andersen and Frisvad [73] showed that P. tularense isolated from tomato fruit could produce janthitrems, paspalinine, paxilline, and 3-O-acetoxypaxilline. Harwig et al [74] have reported that P. expansum is capable of producing patulin and citrinin in tomato fruit. Our strain P. fluviserpens was also isolated from tomato fruit.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Five New Records of the Family Aspergillaceae in Korea, Aspergillus europaeus, A. pragensis, A. tennesseensis, Penicillium fluviserpens, and P. scabrosum

et al. 2020

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During an investigation of the fungi from the Aspergillaceae family obtained from different environmental sources in Korea, we isolated six strains, including CNUFC WJC9-1, CNUFC BPM36-33, CNUFC MSW6, CNUFC ESW1, CNUFC TM6-2, and CNUFC WD17-1. The morphology and phylogeny of these isolates were analyzed based on their partial b-tubulin (BenA) and calmodulin (CaM) gene sequences. Based on the morphological characteristics and sequence analyses, the isolates CNUFC WJC9-1, CNUFC BPM36-33, CNUFC TM6-2, and CNUFC WD17-1 were identified as A. europaeus, A. pragensis, Penicillium fluviserpens, and P. scabrosum, respectively, and isolates CNUFC MSW6 and CNUFC ESW1 were identified as A. tennesseensis. To the best of our knowledge, the species A. europaeus, A. pragensis, A. tennesseensis, P. fluviserpens, and P. scabrosum have not been previously reported in Korea.

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Toxins of molds from decaying tomato fruit

Cited by 80 publications

References 39 publications

Alternariol acts as a topoisomerase poison, preferentially affecting the IIα isoform

Alternariol acts as a topoisomerase poison, preferentially affecting the IIα isoform

Effect of water activity and temperature on mycotoxin production by Alternaria alternata in culture and on wheat grain

Five New Records of the Family Aspergillaceae in Korea, Aspergillus europaeus, A. pragensis, A. tennesseensis, Penicillium fluviserpens, and P. scabrosum

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