Toxification metabolism and treatment strategy of the chiral triazole fungicide prothioconazole in water

Enantioselective Toxic Effects of Prothioconazole toward Scenedesmus obliquus

“…The toxicity of S -(+)-PTC was the highest, with a 72 h-EC 50 value of 7.85 mg·L −1 , followed by Rac -PTC (EC 50 = 8.15 mg·L −1 ). According to the acute toxicity classification criteria of green algae, the toxicity of PTC to the S. obliquus of PTC showed low toxicity [ 15 ]. Likewise, Zhai et al (2018) also found that S -(+)-PTC showed higher acute toxicity to Chlorella pyrenoidosa (EC 50 = 89.4 mg·L −1 ) and Lemna minor L. (EC 50 = 0.49 mg·L −1 ) in comparison with R -(−)-PTC [ 12 ].…”

“…These discrepancies might be due to the different model organisms used in the experiment. A recent study found that the acute toxicities of S -(+)-PTC and Rac -PTC to Chlorella pyrenoidosa were higher than R -(−)-PTC, with 48 h-EC 50 values of 9.64 and 12.21 mg/L, respectively [ 15 ]. This trend is in consistent with our observation on the stereoselective toxicity of PTC toward S. obliquus .…”

“…PTC has a high water solubility (300 mg·L −1 ) and is stable to hydrolysis (half-lives = 17.8–34.7 d) [ 1 , 15 ]. It was reported to have acute toxicity on Chlorella pyrenoidosa (EC 50 = 9.33 mg·L −1 ) [ 12 ], Lemna mino L. (EC 50 = 1.85 mg·L −1 ) [ 12 ], Daphnia magna (EC 50–48 h = 2.82 mg·L −1 ) [ 16 ], and Zebrafish embryos (LC 50–96 h = 1.70 mg·L −1 ) [ 17 ].…”

Residue Behavior of Chiral Fungicide Prothioconazole and Its Major Chiral Metabolite in Flour Product Processing

“…10 Prothioconazole-desthio, the primary highly toxic metabolite of prothioconazole found in plants, soils, and animals, has greater biological activity and endocrine-disrupting properties. 12,13 Studies have shown that its half-life in wheat plants is significantly longer than prothioconazole, with extended residual effects. 14 Tian et al 15 showed that zebrafish embryos exposed to prothioconazole produced a range of toxicity symptoms, including inhibited hatching, reduced body length, and pericardial cysts and yolk cysts.…”

“…Prothioconazole is a novel chiral triazole systemic fungicide with a long effective period, broad fungicidal spectrum, and low toxicity, and it is safe for humans and the environment. , The most predominant type of pesticide on the market today is racemic prothioconazole; however, its widespread use worldwide raises concerns about potential human exposure risks . Prothioconazole-desthio, the primary highly toxic metabolite of prothioconazole found in plants, soils, and animals, has greater biological activity and endocrine-disrupting properties. , Studies have shown that its half-life in wheat plants is significantly longer than prothioconazole, with extended residual effects . Tian et al showed that zebrafish embryos exposed to prothioconazole produced a range of toxicity symptoms, including inhibited hatching, reduced body length, and pericardial cysts and yolk cysts.…”