Toxicopathological changes induced by combined exposure to noise and toluene in New Zealand White rabbits

Abstract

Noise and toluene can have significant adverse effects on different systems in the human body, but little is known about their combination. The aim of this study was to see how their combined action reflects on serum levels of inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), body weight, and pathological changes in the heart, lung, stomach, and spleen tissues. To do that we exposed New Zealand rabbits to 1000 mg/L toluene and 100 dB of white noise in a chamber specifically designed for the purpose over two consecutive weeks. Serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were measured with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), whereas Bax and Bcl-2 expressions in tissues were determined with real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Noise and toluene changed TNF-α and IL-1β serum levels on different days following the end of exposure and significantly increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in the lung and spleen. In addition, they induced different pathological changes in the heart, lung, spleen, and stomach tissues. This study has confirmed that exposure to noise and toluene can induce a range of toxicopathological changes, probably by inducing inflammatory pathways and apoptosis, but their combined effects look weaker than those of its components, although histopathological findings suggest the opposite.

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“…In addition, its toxicity decreases albumin, uric acid and urea levels; and increases creatinine, triglyceride, cholesterol and glucose levels. Simultaneous exposure to these substances brings about an increase in the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPX), malondialdehyde dismutase (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels; and a massive tubular degeneration, tubular cell vacuolization, glomerular disorganization, congestion and glomerular cell shrinkage in the kidney tissue [18]. Likewise, it increases the levels of TBARS, GSSG, GST, SOD, COX-2 and caspase-3 activity, and considerably decreases GSH, GR and GPx.…”