Toxicology Review and Risk Assessment of Resorcinol: Thyroid Effects

Lynch, Barry; Delzell, Elizabeth; Bechtel, David

doi:10.1006/rtph.2002.1585

Cited by 75 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Genotoxicity The petitioner presented several studies including an original report from studies performed under the direction of the US NIEHS and conducted in compliance with the NTP (NTP, 1992), reviews of genotoxicity studies by scientific bodies (IARC, 1999;JECFA, 2000;NTP, 1992, Lynch et al, 2002, and published papers on in vitro bacterial and mammalian assays and in vivo studies. Furthermore, five unpublished study reports were provided by the secretariat of the Scientific Committee on Consumer Products (SCCP).…”

Section: 23mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For further studies addressing the potential teratogenicity of resorcinol the petitioner referred to a toxicology review by Lynch et al (2002) in which other studies were mentioned. These studies were also reviewed either by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, 1999), the NTP (1992), or JECFA (2000) and summaries are presented below.…”

Section: 26mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The petitioner submitted a review on the thyroid effects of resorcinol (Lynch et al, 2002). The animal toxicology and human data were reviewed.…”

Section: Goitrogenic Activity Of Resorcinol In Animals and Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to Lynch et al, (2002), the effects of resorcinol on the thyroid are ascribed to the inhibition of thyroid peroxidase enzymes and subsequent interruption of the synthesis of thyroid hormone. There are species-specific differences in synthesis, binding, and transport of thyroid hormone.…”

Section: Goitrogenic Activity Of Resorcinol In Animals and Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The human data reviewed by Lynch et al (2002) included clinical case reports referring to medical use of resorcinol in ointments to treat persistent skin ulcers, epidemiological studies focusing on the effects of resorcinol on occupationally exposed persons and in populations living in geographical regions where drinking water contained resorcinol and other phenolic derivates from natural sources. Based on the reviewed studies, Lynch et al (2002) reported that thyroid effects (reversible hypothyroidism) may occur as a result of integrity-compromised skin exposed to resorcinol at dose levels in the range of 34 to 122 mg/kg bw/day over a prolonged period (months to years).…”

Section: Goitrogenic Activity Of Resorcinol In Animals and Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scientific Opinion on the use of Resorcinol as a food additive

2010

EFSA Journal

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Following a request from the European Commission (EC), the Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety of resorcinol when used as an antioxidant in crustaceans. Resorcinol is a specific inhibitor of polyphenol oxidase and therefore it can act as an anti-browning agent in fresh, frozen and deep-frozen crustaceans. Resorcinol is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, metabolised extensively to sulphate and/or glucuronic acid conjugates and excreted primarily in the urine. Resorcinol causes moderate acute toxicity in rats. Subchronic toxicity studies in rats and mice indicate a steep dose-response curve for lethality. Carcinogenicity studies in rats and mice demonstrated the lack of carcinogenic activity of resorcinol. However, clinical signs of toxicity were seen at approximately 100 mg resorcinol/kg bw/day (5 days per week) and above. Based on the available data from in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity tests the Panel concluded that there is no concern with respect to genotoxicity. Resorcinol has no adverse effects on the developing fetus nor does it cause maternal toxicity in rats and rabbits. The Panel considers the acute neurological signs of toxicity to be the pivotal adverse effect of resorcinol and based on the NOAEL of 36 mg resorcinol/kg bw/day in the carcinogenicity study in rats and using an uncertainty factor of 300 the Panel established an ADI of 0.12 mg/kg bw/day for resorcinol. The conservative estimates of acute consumption of shrimps (the only category for which experimental data were reported) indicate that dietary exposure to resorcinol for adults and for children would exceed the ADI when the residual concentration of resorcinol in whole raw shrimps is above 35 mg/kg. The Panel notes that this value is only applicable if other uses of resorcinol are excluded. KEY WORDS Resorcinol, CAS SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the Scientific Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) was asked to provide a scientific opinion on the safety of resorcinol when used as an antioxidant in crustaceans.Resorcinol is a specific inhibitor of polyphenol oxidase and therefore it can act as an anti-browning agent in fresh, frozen and deep-frozen crustaceans. Specifications for resorcinol indicated by the petitioner are: the minimum purity of resorcinol is 99 % (stated range of 99.0-100.5 % by iodometry assay), insoluble matter is set at 0.005 % and the residue after ignition 0.01 % maximum. The antibrowning agent intended to be authorised contains resorcinol as a main ingredient (more than 99.5 %) and citric or ascorbic acid at less than 0.3 %.The petitioner proposes to use resorcinol at a concentration of 5 to 7 g/L in the dipping solution for a dipping time of 4-5 minutes. Under these treatment conditions, the residual resorcinol measured in raw shrimps (whole product) was 120 mg/kg, in edible parts of raw shrimps was 30 mg/kg, and ...

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Section: 23mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: 26mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The petitioner submitted a review on the thyroid effects of resorcinol (Lynch et al, 2002). The animal toxicology and human data were reviewed.…”

Section: Goitrogenic Activity Of Resorcinol In Animals and Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Goitrogenic Activity Of Resorcinol In Animals and Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Goitrogenic Activity Of Resorcinol In Animals and Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scientific Opinion on the use of Resorcinol as a food additive

2010

EFSA Journal

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Phenol and Phenolics

Cavender,

O'Donoghue

2023

Patty's Toxicology

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The phenolics used for industrial and commercial purposes are a large and diverse group of chemicals as the six‐member ring of phenolics can be methylated, halogenated or include other moieties that add properties or toxicological potential that is not observed with simple phenolics. For simple dihydroxy phenolics, the largest exposure potential can be through their presence naturally in foods. Low concentrations of chlorophenols are commonly found in drinking water due to water chlorination processes. Simple methyl phenols are commonly used as disinfectants. More complex phenolics such as creosote and pentachlorophenol are used as wood preservatives. The acute toxicity of phenolics at relatively high doses is manifested as excitation of the nervous system causing muscle tremors, salivation, and in severe cases, convulsions. The excitatory phase of phenolic intoxication gives way to depression of the nervous system and can result in mortality. Acute and repetitive exposure to phenolics can result in liver and kidney toxicity. A number of phenolics can be absorbed through skin and are readily absorbed after ingestion. Major metabolites of phenols are sulfates and glucuronide conjugates that are excreted through the kidneys. First pass metabolism present on ingestion is not a factor for phenols absorbed through the skin. Therefore, the toxicity of phenolics may differ depending on route of exposure.

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Phenol and Phenolics

Cavender¹,

O’Donohue²

2012

Patty's Toxicology

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Phenol was originally isolated from coal tar streams, but now it is almost exclusively produced by the oxidation of cumene and subsequent cleavage of the cumene hydroperoxide to form phenol and acetone. The U.S. production of phenol for 1995 was 4.16 billion lb. Phenol is used in the petroleum industry to extract lube (lubricating) oil from residual oil. It is reacted with aldehydes such as formaldehyde to form “phenolic resins,” which are widely used as adhesives, structural products, and electrical laminates. Other uses include the manufacture of caprolactam (an intermediate in the manufacture of nylon), bisphenol A (an intermediate in the manufacture of epoxy resins and polycarbonates), herbicides, wood preservatives, hydraulic fluids, heavy‐duty surfactants, lube oil additives, tank linings and coatings, and intermediates for plasticizers and other specialty chemicals. Phenol is used medically in throat lozenges, disinfectants, and ointments; for facial skin peels; and to cause nerve block. With rare exceptions, human exposure in industry has been limited to accidental contact of phenol with the skin or to inhalation of phenol vapors. Other major sources of inhalation exposure include residential burning and automobile exhaust. Similar details are given for phenolics, including chloro and bromo compounds.

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Toxicology Review and Risk Assessment of Resorcinol: Thyroid Effects

Cited by 75 publications

References 65 publications

Scientific Opinion on the use of Resorcinol as a food additive

Scientific Opinion on the use of Resorcinol as a food additive

Phenol and Phenolics

Phenol and Phenolics

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