Toxicology of Pesticides

Abstract

Book reviews those areas which the author regards as uncharted.This review will no doubt introduce the topic of shiftwork to a new and nationally wider circle of readers. It will certainly serve to underline to them the range and complexity of the problems involved, but they should not regard it as the final or latest word on the subject.

Current overview and perspectives in environmentally friendly microextractions of carbamates and dithiocarbamates

“…The compounds of the classes of carbamates and dithiocarbamates with their chemical structures, use in agriculture, and maximum residue limit and toxic effect (Biscaldi et al, 1986;Cao et al, 2019;EPA, 1994aEPA, , 1994bEPA, , 1995EPA, , 1997EPA, , 1998EPA, , 2004bEPA, , 2004aEPA, , 2005bEPA, , 2005aEuropean Food Safety Authority, 2010; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations & World Health Organization, 2020; Gupta, 2018;Gupta, 2006;Deshpande, 2002;Janz, 2014;McCarroll et al, 2002;Padilla et al, 2007;Park et al, 2021;Rodgers, 2001;Sams et al, 2010;Shibamoto & Bjeldanes, 2004;Union, 2020;Zhu et al, This class is composed of eight compounds, as shown in Table 1. These compounds were developed in the 1930s for applications during World War II as commercial fungicides for use in household products, in the treatment of ornamental plants, vegetables, crops, and seeds.…”

“…These compounds were developed in the 1930s for applications during World War II as commercial fungicides for use in household products, in the treatment of ornamental plants, vegetables, crops, and seeds. Furthermore, some of these substances can have clinical applications, due to differences in the mode of actuation of biological activities of enzymes, proteins, and consequently, in their toxicity (Biscaldi et al, 1986;Janz, 2014;Krieger, 2011;Rubino et al, 2013;Szolar, 2007). However, the use of dithiocarbamates and the majority of carbamates was prohibited by the Codex Alimentarius, European Union (EU), and the United States due to their toxic effects.…”

“…The chemical characteristics and toxicity of carbamates and dithiocarbamates are directly related to their chemical structure. They present a carbamic or dithiocarbamic acid and two functional chains (R1 and R2), which can contain heteroatoms (manganese, zinc, iron), organic functions (ether, amine, thioether), and/or an aromatic rings (Biscaldi et al, 1986;Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations & World Health Organization, 2020;Krieger, 2011;European Union, 2020).…”

“…Table 1 shows the toxic effects for each carbamate and dithiocarbamates, which are provided by ingestion of inadequate concentration of carbamates and/or dithiocarbamates, such as in the central nervous system and thyroid, neuropathology, bone tumors, uterus, bladder, adrenal gland, kidney, and liver, among others. Hence, toxicity researches have established LD 50 to carbamates and dithiocarbamates that are between 2.50 and 200 mg kg -1 and 18 and 4000 mg kg -1 , respectively (Biscaldi et al, 1986;Cao et al, 2019;EPA, 1994bEPA, , 1994aEPA, , 1995EPA, , 1997EPA, , 1998EPA, , 2004bEPA, , 2004aEPA, , 2005aEPA, , 2005bEuropean Food Safety Authority, 2010;Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations & World Health Organization, 2020;Gupta, 2018;Gupta, 2006;Deshpande, 2002;Janz, 2014;McCarroll et al, 2002;Mishra et al, 2021;Padilla et al, 2007;Park et al, 2021;Rodgers, 2001;Sams et al, 2010;Shibamoto & Bjeldanes, 2004;European Union, 2020;Zhu et al, 2019).…”

“…Abbreviations: DLLME, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction; HF-LPME, hollow fiber-based liquid-phase microextraction; LLME, liquid-phase microextractions; MEs, microextractions; SDME, single-drop microextraction; SPME, solid-phase microextractions against AIDS/HIV. While some dithiocarbamates can be used as antiseptics and antimycotics (Biscaldi et al, 1986;Gupta & Aggarwal, 2007;Deshpande, 2002;Kaul et al, 2021;Moretto & Colosio, 2011). Their toxicity is closed related to their chemical structures, which consequently affects the establishment of the maximum residue level (MRL) by regulatory agencies in the raw materials and foodstuffs (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations & World Health Organization, 2020; European Union, 2020).…”