Toxicology of mustard gas

Wormser, Uri

doi:10.1016/0165-6147(91)90534-y

Cited by 105 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…As a weapon, SM exposure may be lethal, but its main function is to cause incapacitating injury to the eyes, respiratory tract or skin [5]. Exposure to the liquid or aerosol (fine droplets) leads to the formation of blisters one to several hours after exposure [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of keratin intermediate filaments with sulfur mustard analogs

Hess

Fitzgerald

2007

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications

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Sulfur mustard (SM) is an alkylating agent with a history of use as a chemical weapon. The chemical reactivity of sulfur mustard toward both proteins and nucleic acids coupled with the hours long delay between exposure and appearance of blisters has prevented the determination of the mechanism of blister formation. We have treated assembled keratin intermediate filaments with analogs of sulfur mustard to simulate exposure to SM. We find that treatment of intact filaments with chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) or mechlorethamine (MEC) produces aggregates of keratin filaments with little native appearing structure. Treatment of a mix of epidermal keratins 1/10 (keratin pair 1 and 10) and keratins 5/14 with a sulfhydryl-specific modification reagent also results in filament abnormalities. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that modification of keratins by SM would result in keratin filament destruction, leading to lysis of epidermal basal cells and skin blistering.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of keratin intermediate filaments with sulfur mustard analogs

Hess

Fitzgerald

2007

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications

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“…Mustard gas is used in chemical warfare [20,35] due to its reputation as a blistering agent, however, the mustard compound family is also known as a cytotoxic agent; effecting developing cells [8,20,35]. Because of this capability, nitrogen mustard was used for chemotherapy [24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sulfur mustard (SM), also termed mustard gas, is a chemical weapon employed in various conflicts during the 20th century [20,35] and functions as a powerful alkylator and highly cytotoxic blisterogen in both humans and animals [8,20,35]. Skin exposed to SM develops erythema within 30 min to several hours after exposure followed by edema, vesicle and blister formation, ulceration, necrosis, and desquamation [26,35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A chick model for the mechanisms of mustard gas neurobehavioral teratogenicity

Wormser

Izrael

Zee

et al. 2005

Neurotoxicology and Teratology

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Citation for published version (APA): Wormser, U., Izrael, M., Van der Zee, E. A., Brodsky, B., & Yanai, J. (2005). A chick model for the mechanisms of mustard gas neurobehavioral teratogenicity. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 27(1), 65-71. DOI: 10.101665-71. DOI: 10. /j.ntt.2004 Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. AbstractThe chemical warfare blistering agent, sulfur mustard (SM), is a powerful mutagen and carcinogen. Due to its similarity to the related chemotherapy agents nitrogen mustard (mechlorethamine), it is expected to act as a developmental neurotoxicant. The present study was designed to establish a chick model for the mechanisms of SM on neurobehavioral teratogenicity, free of confounds related to mammalian maternal effects. Chicken eggs were injected with SM at a dose range of 0.0017-17.0 Ag/kg of egg, which is below the threshold for dysmorphology, on incubation days (ID) 2 and 7, and then tests were conducted posthatching. Exposure to SM elicited significant deficits in the intermedial part of the hyperstriatum ventrale (IMHV)-related imprinting behavior. Parallel decreases were found in the level of membrane PKCg in the IMHV, while eliciting no net change in cytosolic PKCg. The chick, thus, provides a suitable model for the rapid evaluation of SM behavioral teratogenicity and elucidation of the mechanisms underlying behavioral anomalies. The results obtained, using a model that controls for confounding maternal effects, may be replicated in the mammalian model and provide the groundwork for studies designed to offset or reverse the SM-induced neurobehavioral defects in both avian and mammals. D

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“…SM is frequently used as a chemical warfare agent (Wormser, 1991;Eisenmenger et al, 1991;Momeni et al, 1992). Due to the simple method of preparation, SM being used clandestinely during war or by terrorist groups still remains a threat, inspite of the successful implication of the Chemical Weapons Convention (Krutzsch & Trapp, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Effects of Sulphur Mustard Gas on the Number of Lymphocytes in the Rat's Spleen

2008

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SUMMARY:Sulphur mustard (SM), commonly known as mustard gas is an alkylating agent that causes serious blisters upon contact with human skin. SM is frequently used as a chemical warfare agent. There is some evidence for sulfur mustard-induced lymph system effects in humans. Between 2000-2001, 42 male albino Wistar rats were used. After accommodation with environment, we divided rats to control, sham and experimental groups (2.5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg). Then we injected sulphur mustard oil in rat's intraperitoneal space. Then their spleens were removed for histological verification. Our results showed that significant difference in lymphocytes number in experimental groups after 24 hours. The number of lymphocytes in 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg groups was increased and this increase in 40 mg/kg group was more than the other groups. We concluded that the number of lymphocytes increased due to exposure of mustard gas and there is a relationship between the increase of lymphocytes and dose of exposure.

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Toxicology of mustard gas

Cited by 105 publications

References 27 publications

Treatment of keratin intermediate filaments with sulfur mustard analogs

Treatment of keratin intermediate filaments with sulfur mustard analogs

A chick model for the mechanisms of mustard gas neurobehavioral teratogenicity

Acute Effects of Sulphur Mustard Gas on the Number of Lymphocytes in the Rat's Spleen

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