Toxicology Data for Alternative “Short-Chain” Fluorinated Substances

Toxicokinetics of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane-1-sulphonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) in male and female Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD rats after intravenous and gavage administration

“…They contain chains of carbons bonded to fluorines and some contain other functional groups, such as carboxylate or sulfonate moieties. Due to their chemical properties, PFAS are resistant to degradation and persist in the environment and in organisms [1]. Additionally, rodent and human studies have identified a variety of adverse effects associated with PFAS exposure, including liver, endocrine, developmental, and immune toxicity, among others [[2], [3], [4]].…”

Phase-out-compliant fluorosurfactants: unique methimazolium derivatives including room temperature ionic liquids

“…79 These alternatives have already been approved by regulators for manufacture, sale and use. 80 As briefly stated above, the second approach to realize environmentally more acceptable anionic fluorosurfactants relies on intersections of fluoroalkylene fragments by ether linkages. Among these ethereal fluororganics, the fluoropolymer processing aids ADONA (ammonium 4,8-dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoate) 81,82 and GenX (ammonium perfluoro(2-methyl-3-oxahexanoate)) 83,84 have already been introduced as replacements of the SVHCs perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, respectively.…”

“…Among these ethereal fluororganics, the fluoropolymer processing aids ADONA (ammonium 4,8-dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoate) 81,82 and GenX (ammonium perfluoro(2-methyl-3-oxahexanoate)) 83,84 have already been introduced as replacements of the SVHCs perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, respectively. 80 A range of structural motifs have emerged from replacement programs of PFASs, but it has been difficult to find substitutes that meet demanding functional and performance requirements. 85 Despite fundamental structural differences, the physicochemical profiles of the novel fluorinated alternatives do not deviate significantly from those of their predecessors.…”

“…Preliminary ecotoxicological results indicated that 6:2 FTS is not bioaccumulative according to published regulatory criteria. 80 The potassium salt of 6:2 FTS (C6F13CH2CH2SO3 − K + , CAS# 59587-38-1) had an oral LD50= 2,000 mg/kg (rat), and was not irritating to skin (rabbit). It was not mutagenic in the bacterial reverse mutation test with Salmonella typhimurium and it was negative in the Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (UDS) test in mammalian cells and negative for clastogenicity in micronucleus and chromosome aberration assays.…”

“…It was not mutagenic in the bacterial reverse mutation test with Salmonella typhimurium and it was negative in the Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (UDS) test in mammalian cells and negative for clastogenicity in micronucleus and chromosome aberration assays. 80 For all fluorous methimazolium salts examined so far, chemical degradation readily takes place via hydrolysis at elevated pH (excess of caustic soda), leading to intermediate 1H,1H,2H,2Hperfluoro-1-octanethiol, [34451- . Only scarce toxicological data are available for this compound.…”