Toxicology assessment of organic compounds in drinking water

Kool, Hanneke; Kreijl, Coen F. van; Zoeteman, B.C.J.; Tardiff, Robert G.

doi:10.1080/10643388209381699

Cited by 42 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 86 publications

(75 reference statements)

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“…Water disinfection or the prebleaching of paper pulp by chlorine results in the formation of many of the same genotoxins (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). To date, these genotoxins have proved to be relatively low molecular weight, halogen-substituted compounds that are believed to stem from the action of chlorine on phenolic subunits of humic substances or lignin (6)(7)(8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

A study of inactivation reactions of N-acetylcysteine with mucochloric acid, a mutagenic product of the chlorination of humic substances in water

LaLonde¹,

Xie²

1992

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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The Salmonella typhimurium (TA100) mutagenic compound, mucochloric acid [3,4-dichloro-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MCA)], was inactivated by in vitro N-acetylcysteine (NAC). The reaction of MCA with NAC at pH7 was second order and gave products 4, 5, and 6a that resulted from the displacement of chlorine from C-3 or C-4 of MCA. The sodium borohydride treatment of product 4 gave the same product (7) as was obtained by treating 3,4-dichloro-2(5H)-furanone with NAC. The treatment of MCA with (R)-(+)-cysteine gave the bicyclic product 9a, in which the two chlorine atoms of MCA were still present. This product was slightly more mutagenic than MCA, whereas product 5 was less mutagenic than MCA and product 4 was nonmutagenic in the Salmonella typhimurium (TA100) assay.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

A study of inactivation reactions of N-acetylcysteine with mucochloric acid, a mutagenic product of the chlorination of humic substances in water

LaLonde¹,

Xie²

1992

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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“…20 " The most common methods of concentrating and separating organic compounds from water samples involve liquid-liquid extraction or sorption onto activated carbon, resin, or other synthetic polymers followed by solvent extraction. 24 The most common method of analysis is then GC/MS, although some extracts must be first derivatized to produce volatile species.…”

Section: B Trace Organics In Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

Fate of trace organics during land application of municipal wastewater

Hutchins

Tomson

Bedient

et al. 1985

Critical Reviews in Environmental Control

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“…This activity has, for the most part, been observed in bacteria using the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay to test concentrates of nonvolatile constituents (1)(2)(3). A portion of this mutagenicity has been attributed to the reaction of chlorine used in the disinfection process with pre-existing organic precursors present in untreated source water (4)(5)(6).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of chlorination to the mutagenic activity of drinking water extracts in Salmonella and Chinese hamster ovary cells.

Douglas¹,

Nestmann²,

LeBel³

1986

Environ Health Perspect

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The production of chlorinated by-products through chlorine disinfection of drinking water has been well documented. Natural organic precursors for these chemicals include fulvic and humic acids, the chlorination of which leads to the production of mutagenic compounds. Conmparisons of extracts of raw versus treated waters have confirmed that clorination during water treatment produces inutagenic activity in the Salmonella (Ames) test. Present work on XAD-2 extracts of raw and chlorinated water from six municipalities in the Great Lakes region of Canada has involved a battery of mutagenicity assays for various genetic endpoints: the Salmonella test, the sister-chromatid exchange (SCE), and the micronucleus (MN) induction in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. All extracts of treated (chlorinated), but none of untreated, water were mutagenic in the Salmonella assay. On the other hand, extracts of both treated and untreated water samples showed activity in the SCE and MN assays, but no consistent pattern of response with regard to treatment (chlorination) was evident. These data show that chlorination contributes mutagens to drinking water and suggest that mammalian in vitro assays may be more sensitive for detecting mutagenicity in water samples than the Salmonella test.

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Toxicology assessment of organic compounds in drinking water

Cited by 42 publications

References 86 publications

A study of inactivation reactions of N-acetylcysteine with mucochloric acid, a mutagenic product of the chlorination of humic substances in water

A study of inactivation reactions of N-acetylcysteine with mucochloric acid, a mutagenic product of the chlorination of humic substances in water

Fate of trace organics during land application of municipal wastewater

Contribution of chlorination to the mutagenic activity of drinking water extracts in Salmonella and Chinese hamster ovary cells.

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