Toxicological Profile, Current Use, and Regulatory Issues on EDTA Compounds for Assessing Use of Sodium Iron EDTA for Food Fortification

Whittaker, Paul; Vanderveen, John E.; Dinovi, Michael; Kuznesof, Paul M.; Dunkel, Virginia C.

doi:10.1006/rtph.1993.1067

Cited by 26 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…This study was also designed to evaluate sodium iron (III) ethylenediaminetetraacetate (NaFeEDTA), a unique compound that makes Fe available for absorption in the presence of several inhibitors found in food, and one that can be added to foods without adverse organoleptic changes. An update of the estimated exposure in the US to EDTA suggests that the exposure is much lower than previously assumed [Whittaker et al, 1993]. This reduction may allow new uses of NaFeEDTA in food.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Genotoxicity of iron compounds inSalmonella typhimurium and L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells

Dunkel

San

Seifried

et al. 1999

Environ. Mol. Mutagen.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Genotoxicity of iron compounds inSalmonella typhimurium and L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells

Dunkel

San

Seifried

et al. 1999

Environ. Mol. Mutagen.

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“…Na 2 EDTA is also recognized by the FDA as a direct food additive approved for use in a similar variety of food products and in aqueous multivitamin preparations at concentrations ranging from 36 to 500 ppm [41,74]. While these two salts of EDTA may be added to 34 different products in the USA, it is of interest that the actual consumption has been estimated not to exceed 0.25 mg EDTA/kg day/day, which is ten times less than the ADI of 2.5 mg EDTA/kg day/day [75]. Refinements of this analysis, together with production figures for food-grade EDTA, suggest even lower intake figures [41].…”

Section: Regulatory Issues Related To the Use Of Nafeedtamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential Role of NaFeEDTA as an Iron Fortificant

Bothwell

Macphail

2004

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research

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Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) is a hexadentate chelator, which can combine with virtually every metal in the periodic table. CaNa2EDTA and Na2EDTA (ADI 2.5 mg EDTA/kg body weight/day) are widely used as sequestering agents in canned products, while NaFeEDTA is a promising iron fortificant. Binding of EDTA with iron is favored in the acid milieu of the stomach, irrespective of whether the EDTA is administered as CaNa2EDTA, Na2EDTA, or NaFeEDTA, but in the more alkaline medium of the duodenum the iron is exchanged, in part, with other metals. The iron released from EDTA is absorbed by the normal physiological mechanisms. When NaFeEDTA is present in a meal, the iron moiety exchanges with the intrinsic food iron and the EDTA partially protects the iron in this common non-heme iron pool from the effects of inhibitors of iron absorption, such as phytates and polyphenols. When iron is added as NaFeEDTA to an inhibitory meal, it is two to three times better absorbed than is iron added as ferrous sulfate. It also has a similar effect on the intrinsic food iron in the meal. Fortification with NaFeEDTA is most efficacious when administered with cereal- and legume-based diets but offers no advantages over other fortificants when added to meals of high bioavailability. Its potential as a fortificant has been confirmed in five extended fortification trials carried out in developing countries. There is no evidence that NaFeEDTA in the dose range proposed for food fortificants (5 to 10 mg iron daily) will have any direct toxic effects. Na2EDTA and CaNa2EDTA have proved safe over a number of years, while the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives concluded in 1999 that NaFeEDTA "could be considered safe when used in supervised fortification programs". Animal and human studies, including the results of two fortification trials, suggest that NaFeEDTA has little or no effect on overall zinc metabolism. Indeed, if anything, it increases zinc and possibly copper absorption. Data on potentially toxic metals, such as lead mercury, aluminum, and manganese, are limited but the evidence that is available is uniformly negative thus far. Further studies in this field are desirable. The long-term potential of NaFeEDTA fortification to cause iron overload is conjectural but the available evidence suggests that homeostatic controls would prevent excess iron accumulation in the normal population. NaFeEDTA, which is pale yellow in color, causes fewer organoleptic changes in a number of stored vehicles, including cereals, than do other soluble iron salts. Other potential vehicles include condiments, several of which have been successfully used in fortification trials. What is currently lacking is a consolidated body of published evidence on the stability of NaFeEDTA during processing, storage, and household cooking in widely consumed food vehicles, coupled with standardized testing of consumer acceptance of each fortified vehicle. While NaFeEDTA seems to be an appropriate fortificant for developing countries, its cost is about...

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“…(8) and (6) EDTA, the most widely used chelating agent in the world, is used to control water hardness in boiler and chemical process water and to control aqueous metals that (a) interfere with bleaching in fabric and paper processing, (b) interfere with photographic developing solutions, and (c) compete in metal finishing and plating operations (38,39). In consumer applications, EDTA is used to sequester trace metals to prevent catalytic reactions leading to rancidity, loss of flavor, and discoloration in food products and vitamins, and to control metals that destabilize cosmetics and pharmaceuticals (38,40). EDTA is used medically to remove toxic metals (e.g., lead in children) and in dental procedures (41).…”

Section: Production and Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Chelating Agents in the Environment

Nowack

VanBriesen

2005

ACS Symposium Series

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Anthropogenic chelating agents of the types aminopoly carboxylates and phosphonates are ubiquitous in the environment. In this chapter we describe these compounds and present the most important representatives and their uses. Typical concentrations in natural systems (e.g., surface and ground waters, wastewaters, and drinking water) are described along with a brief summary of their potential effects in the environment. The increasing interest in and research on these compounds is evaluated in terms of publication volume and topic area.

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Toxicological Profile, Current Use, and Regulatory Issues on EDTA Compounds for Assessing Use of Sodium Iron EDTA for Food Fortification

Cited by 26 publications

References 0 publications

Genotoxicity of iron compounds inSalmonella typhimurium and L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells

Genotoxicity of iron compounds inSalmonella typhimurium and L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells

The Potential Role of NaFeEDTA as an Iron Fortificant

Chelating Agents in the Environment

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