Toxicological effects of ingested nanocellulose in <i>in vitro</i> intestinal epithelium and <i>in vivo</i> rat models

DeLoid, Glen M.; Cao, Xiaoqiong; Molina, Ramon M.; Silva, Daniel Imbassahy de Sa Bittencourt de Camara e; Bhattacharya, Kunal; Ng, Kee Woei; Loo, Say Chye Joachim; Brain, Joseph D.; Demokritou, Philip

doi:10.1039/c9en00184k

Cited by 98 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…According to their findings, no significant changes in cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen and monolayer integrity was observed. In addition, in vivo toxicity performed on rats gavaged with 1% w/w CNFs suspensions showed no significant differences in hematology, serum markers, or histology between controls and rats given CNFs [127]. Functionalized nanocellulose (carboxylated) has been reported as nontoxic substances.…”

Section: Biodegradability and Safetymentioning

confidence: 94%

Manufacturing of Food Packaging Based on Nanocellulose: Current Advances and Challenges

2020

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Nowadays, environmental pollution due to synthetic polymers represents one of the biggest worldwide challenges. As demonstrated in numerous scientific articles, plant-based nanocellulose (NC) is a biodegradable and nontoxic material whose mechanical, rheological, and gas barrier properties are competitive compared to those of oil-based plastics. However, the sensitivity of NC in humid ambient and lack of thermosealability have proven to be a major obstacle that hinders its breakthrough in various sectors including food packaging. In recent years, attempts have been made in order to provide a hydrophobic character to NC through chemical modifications. In addition, extensive works on nanocellulose applications in food packaging such as coating, layer-by-layer, casting, and electrospinning have been reported. Despite these enormous advances, it can easily be observed that packaging manufacturers have not yet shown a particular interest in terms of applicability and processability of the nanocellulose due to the lack of guidelines and guarantee on the success of their implementation. This review is useful for researchers and packaging manufacturers because it puts emphasis on recent works that have dealt with the nanocellulose applications and focuses on the best strategies to be adopted for swift and sustainable industrial manufacturing scale-up of high-performance bio-based/compostable packaging in replacement of the oil-based counterparts used today.

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Section: Biodegradability and Safetymentioning

confidence: 94%

Manufacturing of Food Packaging Based on Nanocellulose: Current Advances and Challenges

2020

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“…For example, chitosan or cellulose are considered GRAS in micron scale. While nanocellulose indicate minimal cytotoxicity it still may have an impact over gut microbial population and alter intestinal function, by reducing nutrient absorption [ 251 , 252 , 253 ]. The use of nanomaterials in food packaging brings a series of advantages as direct antimicrobial activity, support for other antibacterial agents or sensors to detect food contaminants (mostly metabolic products of bacterial activity), but at the same time there is a need to evaluate the risks implied by the use of metallic and oxide nanoparticles.…”

Section: Toxicity Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodegradable Antimicrobial Food Packaging: Trends and Perspectives

Motelică

Ficai

et al. 2020

Foods

196

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This review presents a perspective on the research trends and solutions from recent years in the domain of antimicrobial packaging materials. The antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities can be induced by the main polymer used for packaging or by addition of various components from natural agents (bacteriocins, essential oils, natural extracts, etc.) to synthetic agents, both organic and inorganic (Ag, ZnO, TiO2 nanoparticles, synthetic antibiotics etc.). The general trend for the packaging evolution is from the inert and polluting plastic waste to the antimicrobial active, biodegradable or edible, biopolymer film packaging. Like in many domains this transition is an evolution rather than a revolution, and changes are coming in small steps. Changing the public perception and industry focus on the antimicrobial packaging solutions will enhance the shelf life and provide healthier food, thus diminishing the waste of agricultural resources, but will also reduce the plastic pollution generated by humankind as most new polymers used for packaging are from renewable sources and are biodegradable. Polysaccharides (like chitosan, cellulose and derivatives, starch etc.), lipids and proteins (from vegetal or animal origin), and some other specific biopolymers (like polylactic acid or polyvinyl alcohol) have been used as single component or in blends to obtain antimicrobial packaging materials. Where the package’s antimicrobial and antioxidant activities need a larger spectrum or a boost, certain active substances are embedded, encapsulated, coated, grafted into or onto the polymeric film. This review tries to cover the latest updates on the antimicrobial packaging, edible or not, using as support traditional and new polymers, with emphasis on natural compounds.

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“…Instead, mammalian cells are recommended to address genotoxicity endpoints [ 134 , 143 ]. The toxicological effects of ingested NC in in vitro intestinal epithelium and in vivo rat models were recently reported [ 144 ]. NFC and CNC, at 0.75% and 1.5% w / w were tested for the effect on cell layer integrity, cytotoxicity and oxidative stress.…”

Section: Safety Of Nanocellulose Based Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A 10% increase in ROS for 1.5% w / w CNC was reported, but no other significant changes in cytotoxicity, ROS or monolayer integrity were observed. Results from in vivo toxicity suggest that ingested nanocellulose has little acute toxicity and is likely non-hazardous when ingested in small quantities [ 144 ]. The authors highlight the need for chronic studies to assess long term effects, and potential detrimental effects of NC on the gut microbiome and absorbance of essential micronutrients.…”

Section: Safety Of Nanocellulose Based Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanocellulose Bio-Based Composites for Food Packaging

et al. 2020

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The food industry is increasingly demanding advanced and eco-friendly sustainable packaging materials with improved physical, mechanical and barrier properties. The currently used materials are synthetic and non-degradable, therefore raising environmental concerns. Consequently, research efforts have been made in recent years towards the development of bio-based sustainable packaging materials. In this review, the potential of nanocelluloses as nanofillers or as coatings for the development of bio-based nanocomposites is discussed, namely: (i) the physico-chemical interaction of nanocellulose with the adjacent polymeric phase, (ii) the effect of nanocellulose modification/functionalization on the final properties of the composites, (iii) the production methods for such composites, and (iv) the effect of nanocellulose on the overall migration, toxicity, and the potential risk to human health. Lastly, the technology readiness level of nanocellulose and nanocellulose based composites for the market of food packaging is discussed.

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Toxicological effects of ingested nanocellulose in in vitro intestinal epithelium and in vivo rat models

Abstract: In vitro and in vivo toxicological studies of ingested nanocellulose, which has many potential food applications, revealed minimal toxicity.

Cited by 98 publications

References 57 publications

Manufacturing of Food Packaging Based on Nanocellulose: Current Advances and Challenges

Manufacturing of Food Packaging Based on Nanocellulose: Current Advances and Challenges

Biodegradable Antimicrobial Food Packaging: Trends and Perspectives

Nanocellulose Bio-Based Composites for Food Packaging

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