Toxicological and chemical screening of Antarctica sediments: Use of whole sediment toxicity tests, microtox, mutatox and semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs)

Effects of metal contaminants on the development of the common Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri and comparisons of sensitivity with tropical and temperate echinoids

“…Kobayashi 1980, Klockner et al 1985, Ringwood 1992, Bay et al 1993. Despite the extensive range of toxicity test methods developed and used routinely in tropical and temperate regions, very few methods have been developed for Antarctic species , Cleveland et al 1997, Ling et al 1998, Duquesne et al 2000. This study is the first reported using embryos and larvae of a local Antarctic sea urchin.…”

“…Sediments contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons from the vicinity of McMurdo Station were found to be toxic using a series of standard laboratory and field bioassays on local Antarctic and temperate marine organisms including echinoids , Cleveland et al 1997). However, in these studies, no tests were done using reference toxicants, so direct comparisons with the Sterechinus neumayeri development test cannot be made.…”

“…Although there is extensive information on the bioaccumulation of contaminants in a wide range of Antarctic organisms (e.g. Honda et al 1987, Ernst & Klages 1991, Berkman & Nigro 1992, Petri & Zauke 1993, Viarengo et al 1993, Locarnini & Presley 1995, Bargagli et al 1996, de Moreno et al 1997, very few studies of the acute and chronic effects of exposure and the response of marine biota to contaminants in polar regions have been reported (Percy 1977, Percy & Mullin 1977, Riebel & Percy 1990, Chapman & McPherson 1993, Cleveland et al 1997, Ling et al 1998, Duquesne et al 2000.…”

Evaluation of Multixenobiotic Resistance in Dreissenid Mussels as a Screening Tool for Toxicity in Freshwater Sediments

“…In assessing the quality status of aquatic habitats, it has long been shown that particular attention must be paid to the chemical and ecotoxicological characterization of sediments (Cleveland et al 1997;Pederson et al 1998;Ghirardini et al 1999;Davoren et al 2005) because the sediment compartment acts as a sink and source of internal contaminant load posing a permanent threat to resident biota. Contaminants accumulated in the sediment have the potential to remobilize, and thus become bioavailable, after chemical (e.g., pH, salinity fluctuations), physical (e.g., dredging), or biological (e.g., bioturbation) processes (Davoren et al 2005).…”

Toxicity Assessment by Microtox® in Sediments, Pore Waters and Sediment Saline Elutriates in the Gulf of Gdansk (Baltic Sea)

“…Its area amounts to 4940 km 2 , with an average depth of 59 m and a maximum depth of 118 m. The average annual inflow of freshwater to the Gulf of Gdansk is estimated to be about 38 km 3 . The deepest part of the Gulf is located within the Gdansk Deep (see Fig.…”