Toxicological and Analytical Assessment of E-Cigarette Refill Components on Airway Epithelia

Singh, Jasjot; Luquet, Emilie; Smith, David P.; Potgieter, J.H.; Ragazzon, Patricia A.

doi:10.3184/003685016x14773090197706

Cited by 16 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 86 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…Mystery Mix, a selection from the “menthol” category, showed significant cytotoxicity. This is consistent with other in vitro studies in which other investigators have found significant cytotoxicity with menthol flavoring aerosol exposures on epithelial cell lines (Leigh et al, 2016 ; Singh et al, 2016 ). Mixing equal proportions of e-liquids from 10 differently flavored e-liquids gave rise to the highest cytotoxicity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Inflammatory and Oxidative Responses Induced by Exposure to Commonly Used e-Cigarette Flavoring Chemicals and Flavored e-Liquids without Nicotine

et al. 2018

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Background: The respiratory health effects of inhalation exposure to e-cigarette flavoring chemicals are not well understood. We focused our study on the immuno-toxicological and the oxidative stress effects by these e-cigarette flavoring chemicals on two types of human monocytic cell lines, Mono Mac 6 (MM6) and U937. The potential to cause oxidative stress by these flavoring chemicals was assessed by measuring the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We hypothesized that the flavoring chemicals used in e-juices/e-liquids induce an inflammatory response, cellular toxicity, and ROS production.Methods: Two monocytic cell types, MM6 and U937 were exposed to commonly used e-cigarette flavoring chemicals; diacetyl, cinnamaldehyde, acetoin, pentanedione, o-vanillin, maltol and coumarin at different doses between 10 and 1,000 μM. Cell viability and the concentrations of the secreted inflammatory cytokine interleukin 8 (IL-8) were measured in the conditioned media. Cell-free ROS produced by these commonly used flavoring chemicals were also measured using a 2′,7′dichlorofluorescein diacetate probe. These DCF fluorescence data were expressed as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) equivalents. Cytotoxicity due to the exposure to selected e-liquids was assessed by cell viability and the IL-8 inflammatory cytokine response in the conditioned media.Results: Treatment of the cells with flavoring chemicals and flavored e-liquid without nicotine caused cytotoxicity dose-dependently. The exposed monocytic cells secreted interleukin 8 (IL-8) chemokine in a dose-dependent manner compared to the unexposed cell groups depicting a biologically significant inflammatory response. The measurement of cell-free ROS by the flavoring chemicals and e-liquids showed significantly increased levels of H2O2 equivalents in a dose-dependent manner compared to the control reagents. Mixing a variety of flavors resulted in greater cytotoxicity and cell-free ROS levels compared to the treatments with individual flavors, suggesting that mixing of multiple flavors of e-liquids are more harmful to the users.Conclusions: Our data suggest that the flavorings used in e-juices can trigger an inflammatory response in monocytes, mediated by ROS production, providing insights into potential pulmonary toxicity and tissue damage in e-cigarette users.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Inflammatory and Oxidative Responses Induced by Exposure to Commonly Used e-Cigarette Flavoring Chemicals and Flavored e-Liquids without Nicotine

et al. 2018

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“…Many studies have demonstrated that nicotine concentrations in e-liquids are often considerably different to the concentrations listed on the labels 169,[173][174][175][176][177][178][179][180][181][182][183][184] (Supplementary Table 6).…”

Section: Incorrect Nicotine Concentration Labelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Evolving Landscape of e-Cigarettes

Bozier

Chivers

Chapman

et al. 2020

Chest

123

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Smoking continues to be a burden to economies and healthcare systems across the world. One proposed solution to the problem has been e-cigarettes; however, as a relatively new product in the market, little is known about their potential health impacts. Furthermore, e-cigarettes continue to evolve at a rapid rate, making it necessary to regularly review and synthesize available studies. Whilst e-cigarettes are marketed as a smoking cessation tool by some span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">manufacturers, the reality is that many non-smokers, including youth, are using them. In this review we focus on two major demographics -smokers and non-smokers, and evaluate the most recent data (2018-2019) regarding the potential health effects of e-cigarettes. We assessed peer-reviewed studies on health impacts of e-cigarettes with particular focus on common questions asked by policy makers, clinicians, and scientists: 1. What are the effects of e-cigarettes compared with air/not-smoking?; 2. Is there any direct evidence of harm or benefit to humans?; 3. Is there a risk from second-hand exposure?; 4. What are the risks and/or benefits of e-cigarettes compared with tobacco cigarette use?; 5. Are there risks or benefits to specific populations -people with COPD or asthma, and pregnant women (and their offspring)?; 6. What are the effects of flavoring chemicals?; 7.

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“…Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) are electric devices which have become very popular worldwide in the last decade [ 1 , 2 ]. Their popularity among the smokers’ community has grown exponentially, so that e-cigs have become a leading product among the various alternatives to traditional cigarettes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Electronic Vape Exposure from Four Different Generations of Electronic Cigarettes: Airborne Particulate Matter Levels

Protano

Avino

Manigrasso

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) were introduced into the market in 2006 and their technological features have evolved substantially over time. Currently, there are four different generations of e-cigs that are broadly considered less harmful than the use of combusted tobacco products although passive exposure to aerosols often occurs in public spaces and indoor environments. The study aim was to evaluate the levels of airborne particulate matter (PM) emitted during the use of all the four generations of e-cigs, testing different use modalities. PM10, PM4, PM2.5 and PM1 were measured through a Dusttrak ™ II Aerosol Monitor, for a total of 20 independent experiments. All tested e-cigs devices produced PM during their use, and PM10 was almost made of PM1 size fraction. In addition, we observed a progressive increase in PM emission from the first to the fourth generation, and an upward trend of PM1 emitted by the fourth generation e-cig with an increase in the operating power. The results showed that, whatever the model adopted, passive vaping does occur. This finding supports the need for legislative interventions to regulate the e-cigs use in public places and other enclosed environments, in order to protect the health of any subject who is potentially exposed.

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Toxicological and Analytical Assessment of E-Cigarette Refill Components on Airway Epithelia

Cited by 16 publications

References 86 publications

Inflammatory and Oxidative Responses Induced by Exposure to Commonly Used e-Cigarette Flavoring Chemicals and Flavored e-Liquids without Nicotine

Inflammatory and Oxidative Responses Induced by Exposure to Commonly Used e-Cigarette Flavoring Chemicals and Flavored e-Liquids without Nicotine

The Evolving Landscape of e-Cigarettes

Environmental Electronic Vape Exposure from Four Different Generations of Electronic Cigarettes: Airborne Particulate Matter Levels

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