Toxicokinetics of inhaled 2-butoxyethanol (ethylene glycol monobutyl ether) in man.

Johanson, Gunnar; Kronborg, H.; Näslund, Per H.; Nordqvist, Marianne

doi:10.5271/sjweh.2097

Cited by 94 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Five healthy men volunteered for the study. They had approximately one and a half years earlier participated in a study involving inhalation exposure to butoxyethanol (12). Thus toxicokinetic data, such as estimates of the respiratory uptake, apparent blood clearance, and apparent volume of distribution, were available for these individuals.…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Butoxyacetic acid and pentoxyacetic acid were synthesized in our laboratory (12). All other chemicals were of analytical grade and purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Federal Republic of Germany), unless otherwise stated.…”

Section: Chemicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The blood samples (2 . 200 ul) were rapidly transferred to screw-cap vials and extracted into toluene, derivatized with pentafluorobenzoyl chloride (Pierce, Beijerland, Holland), and 'analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection as described earlier (12). The method error was estimated to be II 010, expressed as the standard deviation of 43 duplicate sam ples of blood spiked to 1-10 umol/I with butoxyethanol.…”

Section: Blood Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Estimates of v' sand CL b were obtained in previously performed inhalation experiment s (12) and are listed in table I . C h was determined by gas chromatography, as has already been…”

Section: Blood Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the urinary excretion of the acid metabolite butoxyacetic acid was studied. Butoxyacetic acid is a major metabolite in urine from men exposed to butoxyethanol (8,12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Percutaneous absorption of 2-butoxyethanol in man.

Johanson¹,

Boman²,

Dynesius³

1988

Scand J Work Environ Health

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Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chemicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Blood Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Estimates of v' sand CL b were obtained in previously performed inhalation experiment s (12) and are listed in table I . C h was determined by gas chromatography, as has already been…”

Section: Blood Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the urinary excretion of the acid metabolite butoxyacetic acid was studied. Butoxyacetic acid is a major metabolite in urine from men exposed to butoxyethanol (8,12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Percutaneous absorption of 2-butoxyethanol in man.

Johanson¹,

Boman²,

Dynesius³

1988

Scand J Work Environ Health

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Ethers of Ethylene Glycol and Derivatives

Kelsey

2023

Patty's Toxicology

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E series Glycol ethers are alkyl ethers of ethylene glycol along with their acetate esters. They are commonly used in paints and cleaners and typically have a higher boiling point in conjunction with the favorable solvent properties of lower‐molecular weight ethers, esters, and alcohols. They are colorless liquids that have mild earthy or fruity odors. The ethers are miscible with water and/or with numerous organic solvents making them useful as solvents in oil‐water compositions. Their relatively slow rate of evaporation also makes them useful as solvents and coalescing agents in paints and inks. The surface tension and solvent properties of the ethers make them useful in cleaners. Other uses of the ethers include process solvents and deicers. The ethers of the higher glycols are used as hydraulic fluids. Occupational exposure to glycol ethers occurs dermally and by inhalation. Most glycol ethers have low acute, single‐dose toxicity to humans. The most notable and well‐known effect relevant to humans is toxicity to male fertility and developmental toxicity produced by those glycol ethers that can metabolize to produce significant amounts of methoxyacetic acid such as methoxy ethanol and the methyl glymes.

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Ethers of Ethylene Glycol and Derivatives

Boatman¹,

Knaak²

2001

Patty's Toxicology

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There are currently seven U.S. manufacturers of ethers and other derivatives of ethylene glycol (EG), diethylene glycol (DEG), and higher glycols. Five of them are members of the American Chemistry Council (ACC) Glycol Ethers' Panel. The glycol ethers most commonly encountered industrially are colorless liquids that have mild ethereal odors. Alkyl glycol ethers are manufactured in a closed, continuous process by reacting ethylene oxide with an anhydrous alcohol in the presence of a suitable catalyst. Depending on the molar ratios of the reactants and other process parameters, the product mixtures obtained contain varying amounts of the monoethylene‐, diethylene‐, triethylene‐, and higher glycol ethers. Typically, the products in these mixtures are separated and purified by fractional distillation. The miscibility of most of these ethers with water and with a large number of organic solvents makes them especially useful as solvents in oil–water compositions. Their relatively slow rate of evaporation also makes them useful as solvents and coalescing agents in paints. Other uses include inks, cleaners, chemical intermediates, process solvents, brake fluids, and deicers. The ethers of the higher glycols are used as hydraulic fluids. An estimate of the U.S. production and use of representative ethylene glycol ethers is presented. Production of ethylene glycol ethers (total) in Western Europe amounted to 245 thousand metric tons in 1995. Occupational exposure to glycol ethers occurs dermally and by inhalation. Ingestion is not a concern in industrial exposure, although some cases of intentional ingestion of consumer products containing ethylene glycol ethers have been reported. A number of analytical methods have been published that are suitable for detecting glycol ethers in environmental air samples. Glycol ethers generally have low acute, single‐dose toxicity, and LD 50 values generally range from 1.0 to 4.0 g/kg of body weight. In animals and humans, high‐dose administrations (>350 mg/kg) result in central nervous system depression, although the results from many studies show no specific damage to neural tissues. Other toxicological effects attributable to glycol ethers are associated with metabolism to the corresponding alkoxyacetic acids. In the case of EGME, EGEE, and certain other glycol ether derivatives, significant reproductive, developmental, hematologic, and immunologic effects have been associated with the formation of either methoxyacetic (MAA) or ethoxyacetic acids (EAA). For other glycol ether derivatives substituted with propyl, butyl, or higher homologues, developmental effects secondary to maternal toxicity (without teratogenic effects), as well as hematologic effects, are observed. Ethylene glycol ethers and acetates may enter the environment from manufacturing effluents and emissions and as a result of their use in commercial products.

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Toxicokinetics of inhaled 2-butoxyethanol (ethylene glycol monobutyl ether) in man.

Cited by 94 publications

References 22 publications

Percutaneous absorption of 2-butoxyethanol in man.

Percutaneous absorption of 2-butoxyethanol in man.

Ethers of Ethylene Glycol and Derivatives

Ethers of Ethylene Glycol and Derivatives

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