Toxicity tests of effluents with marsh plants in water and sediment

Walsh, Gerald E.; Weber, David E.; Simon, Tasha L.; Brashers, Linda K.

doi:10.1002/etc.5620100412

Cited by 50 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Prompted by the need for uncontaminated and nontoxic reference and dilution sediment, standard synthetic sediments have been developed [20,21]. Although synthetic sediments have been shown to support survival and growth of a variety of plants and animals [20][21][22], and have been used in toxicity tests [23][24][25], few bioaccumulation studies have been conducted in synthetic sediments [26,27]. Although it may be difficult to reproduce all the properties of a field-collected sediment [20,21], particularly those that affect bioavailability, synthetic sediments offer several advantages over natural sediments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although it may be difficult to reproduce all the properties of a field-collected sediment [20,21], particularly those that affect bioavailability, synthetic sediments offer several advantages over natural sediments. They are free of contaminants and are reproducible [20,23,24], which allows comparison of results among tests. In contrast, the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of natural sediments vary both spatially and temporally.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of a Mixture of Heavy Metals in Chironomus Tentans (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Synthetic Sediment

Harrahy¹,

Clements²

1997

Environ Toxicol Chem

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Abstract-This research investigated toxicity and bioaccumulation of a mixture of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in Chironomus tentans in synthetic sediment, and compared predicted to measured steady-state bioaccumulation factors (BAFs). In a toxicity test, C. tentans were exposed to various dilutions of a base concentration (1.0 ϫ) of a mixture of the four metals (5 g/g Cd, 10 g/g Cu, 70 g/g Pb, and 300 g/g Zn) in synthetic sediment. Mortality ranged from 17 to 100%. To measure bioaccumulation of the metals, C. tentans were exposed to 0.35 ϫ the base concentration for a period of up to 14 d in two uptake tests. Bioaccumulation of all four metals increased over the 14-d uptake phases. Concentrations of metals in chironomids were significantly correlated with exposure time in the uptake phases. Only concentrations of copper approached background levels after 7 d depuration. Uptake rate coefficients and elimination rate constants were determined for each metal. Bioaccumulation factors were highest for Cd and lowest for Pb. With the exception of Pb, steady-state BAFs were within a factor of about two of those calculated using the first-order kinetic model. The high BAFs calculated may indicate greater bioavailability in synthetic sediment. Studies comparing toxicity and bioaccumulation of natural and synthetic sediments are necessary before the use of synthetic sediments is widely adopted.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of a Mixture of Heavy Metals in Chironomus Tentans (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Synthetic Sediment

Harrahy¹,

Clements²

1997

Environ Toxicol Chem

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“…After one week's exposure in the field (August [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]1989), all boxes were retrieved. The top 2 crn of sediment from six replicates of each treatment was preserved in 10% buffered formalin with rose bengal for enumeration of invertebrates.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Material was milled to create a range of particle sizes. All source materials were similar to those of Walsh et al [23], although additional products and size separations were employed.…”

Section: Artificial Sedimentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community‐level field method for testing the toxicity of contaminated sediments in estuaries

Watzin

Roscigno

Burke

1994

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The objective of this study was to demonstrate a method for testing the toxicity of contaminated sediments under field conditions. An artificial sediment that matches field sediment in grain‐size distribution and organic matter content was mixed from 11 components and used as the test substrate. Clean sediments and sediments spiked with zinc (∼8,000 mg/kg) were exposed in the field on a holding rack anchored on the bottom of Mobile Bay, Alabama. The abundance and diversity (species richness) of benthic invertebrate recruits were used as indicators of sediment quality. The number of recruits was significantly reduced by the presence of zinc in one‐week exposures.

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“…To be used as a control sediment, a formulated sediment should provide consistent and acceptable responses for a variety of test organisms, should be composed of materials that have consistent characteristics from batch to batch and that are commercially available, and should have contaminant concentrations that are below concentrations of concern. Previous studies with formulated sediments have evaluated a variety of test organisms, sources of sand, silt, and clay, and sources of organic carbon [3][4][5][6][7][8][9] (K.E. Day, personal communication).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tolerance of Freshwater Test Organisms to Formulated Sediments for Use as Control Materials in Whole-Sediment Toxicity Tests

Kemble¹,

Dwyer²,

Ingersoll³

et al. 1999

Environ Toxicol Chem

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A method is described for preparing formulated sediments for use intoxicity testing. Ingredients used to prepare formulated sediments included commercially available silt, clay, sand, humic acid, dolomite, and α‐cellulose (as a source of organic carbon). α‐Cellulose was selected as the source of organic carbon because it is commercially available, consistent from batch to batch, and low in contaminant concentrations. The tolerance of freshwater test organisms to formulated sediments for use as control materials in whole‐sediment toxicity testing was evaluated. Sediment exposures were conducted for 10 d with the amphipod Hyalella azteca, the midges Chironomus riparius and C. tentans, and the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus and for 28 d with H. azteca. Responses of organisms in formulated sediments was compared with a field‐collected control sediment that has routinely been used to determine test acceptability. Tolerance of organisms to formulated sediments was evaluated by determining responses to varying levels of α‐cellulose, to varying levels of grain size, to evaluation of different food types, or to evaluation of different sources of overlying water. In the 10‐d exposures, survival of organisms exposed to the formulated sediments routinely met or exceeded the responses of test organisms exposed to the control sediment and routinely met test acceptability criteria required in standard methods. Growth of amphipods and oligochaetes in 10‐d exposures with formulated sediment was often less than growth of organisms in the field‐collected control sediment. Additional research is needed, using the method employed to prepare formulated sediment, to determine if conditioning formulated sediments before starting 10‐d tests would improve the growth of amphipods. In the 28‐d exposures, survival of H. azteca was low when reconstituted water was used as the source of overlying water. However, when well water was used as the source of overlying water in 28‐d exposures, consistent responses of amphipods were observed in both formulated and control sediments.

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Toxicity tests of effluents with marsh plants in water and sediment

Cited by 50 publications

References 2 publications

Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of a Mixture of Heavy Metals in Chironomus Tentans (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Synthetic Sediment

Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of a Mixture of Heavy Metals in Chironomus Tentans (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Synthetic Sediment

Community‐level field method for testing the toxicity of contaminated sediments in estuaries

Tolerance of Freshwater Test Organisms to Formulated Sediments for Use as Control Materials in Whole-Sediment Toxicity Tests

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