Toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles to the annelid Enchytraeus crypticus in agar-based exposure media

Abstract

Toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO-NPs) powder and water soluble salt of Zn (ZnCl

A Review of Microwave Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanomaterials: Reactants, Process Parameters and Morphologies

“…In agriculture, research is in progress on the application of the antifungal properties of ZnO NPs to protect crops [ 307 , 310 ]. ZnO NPs are used in a broad range of commercial applications, thus it is important to understand their fate and behaviour in soil, water, their manner of absorption and spreading/accumulation in plants, animals and microorganisms, but also interactions with impurities [ 311 , 312 , 313 , 314 , 315 , 316 , 317 , 318 , 319 , 320 , 321 , 322 , 323 , 324 , 325 , 326 , 327 , 328 , 329 , 330 , 331 , 332 , 333 , 334 ]. It must be borne in mind that the dynamically increasing the commercial application of ZnO NPs without appropriate supervision and tests may contribute to their adverse impact on land and water plants and animals [ 335 , 336 ].…”

Counting Enchytraeus crypticus Juveniles in Chronic Exposures: An Alternative Method for Ecotoxicity Studies Using Tropical Artificial Soil

“…Among the Oligochaeta, enchytraeids are important soil fauna components, acting as nutrient-cycling organisms and resulting in better soil porosity and fertility, either by their movement or their fecal deposition (Topoliantz et al 2000;Jänsch et al 2005;Rombke et al 2017). Enchytraeus crypticus Westheide and Graefe (1992) showed significant applicability in acute and chronic bioassays due to its sensitivity (Hrdá et al 2016;Lahive et al 2019;Da Rocha et al 2020), especially by downsizing the shorter life-cycle and higher reproduction response for chronic assessments among the enchytraeids family (Castro-Ferreira et al 2012). The use of standard artificial soil and the inclusion of alternative substrates more abundant in the study area (e.g.…”

“…Different counting methods were tested and proven in order to better approximate the piece to the whole studied object (DePatta Pillar 1998;Elphick 2008;Chao et al 2009), and the technique selection is usually considered a costeffective strategy (Mode et al 1999). Simple random counting and its variants were broadly applied with reliable performance and low economic demands over the time to estimate population diversity and density (Bourdeau 1953;Goedickemeier et al 1997;Chu et al 2018) and have been used in ecological studies (Antoniolli et al 2006;Henderson 2009). This paper presents an alternative random counting procedure for soil ecotoxicological outputs obtained by the E. crypticus reproduction test to reduce the time spent in the manual counting of juveniles with no extra costs in devices or facilities.…”