Toxicity of Two Household Liquid Soaps on Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859

Abstract

(MFLS) were evaluated for the Poecilia reticulata in laboratory bioassays. The acute toxicity was evaluated for 96 h while the sub-lethal effects of the two surfactants on the biochemical parameters of P. reticulata were investigated for a 6 -day exposure period. The derived toxicity indices showed that the FLS (96hLC 50 = 0.062ml/L) was 1.37 times more toxic than the MFLS (96hLC 50 = 0.085ml/L) against P. reticulata. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed signifi cant difference (p<0.05) in the quantal response of P. reticulata to different concentrations of FLS and MFLS at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of exposure. The mean tissue protein, triglyceride, glucose and cholesterol ranged from (21.04 -48.54 and 18.06 -58.54mg/dl), (87.43 -154.95 and 85.63 -144.28mg/dl), (33.95 -55.03 and 32.76 -53.15mg/dl) and (37.30 -65.38 and 37.12 -58.11mg/dl) for FLS and MFLS respectively. ANOVA showed signifi cant difference (p<0.05) in the biochemical response of P. reticulata to FLS and MFLS. The implications of these fi ndings are highlighted.

Toxicological and Histopathological Responses of African Clariid Mud Catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Buchell, 1822) Fingerlings Expose to Detergents (Zip and Omo)

“…The toxicity of the detergents on the test fingerlings were concentration dependent, and this corroborated with the report of [18]. In the present study, it was observed that the 96h LC 50 value were 5.45 and 5.60 ppm for Zip and Omo detergent respectively and similar values were reported by [19,15]. The 96h LC 50 value of Zip detergent was slightly lower than that of Omo, and this denotes that the Zip detergent is slightly more toxic than Omo detergent.…”

“…Similar observations were reported by [21,22,23,1,19,15,9]. This behavioural abnormalities could be due to nervous and respiratory impairment as a result of blockage of nervous transmission between the nervous systems and various effectors sites, enzyme dysfunctions that may induce paralysis of respiratory muscles and/or depression of respiratory center and disturbances in energy or metabolic pathways which results in depletion of energy [19]. The gills of the control group did not show any recognizable changes and consisted of primary filament and secondary lamellae which agrees with findings of [17] for C. gariepinus exposed to lethal and sub-lethal concentration of soap and detergents.…”

“…When the fingerlings were exposed to the detergents, they exhibited different behavioural changes like; incessant jumping and gasping for breath, erratic swimming, piping or frequent surface to bottom movement, restlessness, loss of skin coloration, sudden change of direction during movement, resting at the bottom, loss of equilibrium and gradual onset of inactivity. Similar observations were reported by [21,22,23,1,19,15,9]. This behavioural abnormalities could be due to nervous and respiratory impairment as a result of blockage of nervous transmission between the nervous systems and various effectors sites, enzyme dysfunctions that may induce paralysis of respiratory muscles and/or depression of respiratory center and disturbances in energy or metabolic pathways which results in depletion of energy [19].…”

“…This slight variation in the toxicity of the detergents could be due to the differences in physical and chemical compositions of the detergent surfactants. This discrepancy in toxicity could also be due to the difference in level of toxicity of the toxicant, physical and chemical compositions of the toxicant, solubility of detergent and the reaction of the exposed organism [19,9,1,20]. When the fingerlings were exposed to the detergents, they exhibited different behavioural changes like; incessant jumping and gasping for breath, erratic swimming, piping or frequent surface to bottom movement, restlessness, loss of skin coloration, sudden change of direction during movement, resting at the bottom, loss of equilibrium and gradual onset of inactivity.…”

Uso do índice de estado trófico e análise rápida da comunidade de macroinvertebrados como indicadores da qualidade ambiental das águas na Bacia do Rio Jundiaí-Mirim - SP – BR

“…As atividades humanas têm ocasionado uma série de impactos sobre estes sistemas como supressão de mata ciliar (Dosskey et al, 2010), eutrofização das águas devido ao aporte excessivo de nutrientes provenientes principalmente de atividades agropecuárias (Monteagudo et al, 2012;Pedrazzi et al, 2013;Smith et al, 2013) e despejo de efluentes (Thevenon et al, 2011;Lawal et al, 2013), alterações do regime hídrico (Costigan & Daniels, 2012), poluição por metais pesados (Thevenon et al, 2011;Medeiros et al, 2013) e agrotóxicos (Moreira et al, 2012), introdução de espécies exóticas (Sousa et al, 2008) e assoreamento (Melo et al, 2004).…”