Toxicity of the conventional energetics TNT and RDX relative to new insensitive munitions constituents DNAN and NTO in <i>Rana pipiens</i> tadpoles

Stanley, Jacob K.; Lotufo, Guilherme R.; Biedenbach, James M.; Chappell, Pornsawan; Gust, Kurt A.

doi:10.1002/etc.2890

Cited by 40 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…However, mortality occurred at much lower concentrations when exposures were extended to 90 days, with the lowest-observable-effect concentration (LOEC) values ranging from 0.12 to 0.21 mg/L (Figure 66) . For tadpoles of the leopard frog (R. pipiens), the 4-day LC50 for TNT (4.4 mg/L) was similar to that for the African clawed frog and similar to those observed by Paden et al, which extended the exposure, in this case, to 28 d and dramatically decreased the effects concentration (LOEC = 0.003 mg/L) (Stanley et al 2015). Tadpoles of the leopard frog were more tolerant to RDX than TNT during 10-and 28-day exposures (Stanley et al 2015).…”

Section: Toxicity Of MC To Aquatic Larval Stages Of Amphibianssupporting

confidence: 84%

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Review and synthesis of evidence regarding environmental risks posed by munitions constituents (MC) in aquatic systems

Lotufo¹,

Chappell²,

Price³

et al. 2017

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Underwater military munitions (UWMM) may pose a risk to aquatic environments because they typically contain munitions constituents (MC) such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). If UWMM become corroded or breaches, the fill material may leak or dissolve into the surrounding environment, which could potentially adversely affecting affect the exposed biota. In large part, because of the high cost and complexity associated with sampling MC at UWMM sites, detailed and reliable information about MC in water, sediment, and biota is available for only a few sites, and therefore temporal and spatial uncertainties persist. Examination of available data indicates that concentrations of MC in water and sediment were largely below detection or were relatively low (e.g., parts per billion), with higher concentrations being highly localized and typically near a point source. These findings were in accordance with predictive modeling and with fate studies. Available toxicity data derived for a variety of freshwater and marine species were compiled and used to derive interim water quality criteria and protective values derived from species sensitivity distributions. Toxicity varied widely across a diversity of MC and species. For most aquatic sites, MC contamination in sediment and in the watercolumn presents low risk to the resident biota.

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Section: Toxicity Of MC To Aquatic Larval Stages Of Amphibianssupporting

confidence: 84%

“…In addition, a chronic WQC value for TNT was calculated using a revised acute-chronic ratio that included new studies. The new studies show that two tadpole species (R. pipiens and R. catesbeiana) have a much higher chronic sensitivity to TNT Stanley et al 2015).…”

Section: Toxicity Of MC To Aquatic Invertebrates and Fish In Sedimentmentioning

confidence: 80%

Review and synthesis of evidence regarding environmental risks posed by munitions constituents (MC) in aquatic systems

Lotufo¹,

Chappell²,

Price³

et al. 2017

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“…NTO is highly soluble (16,642.0 mg L À1 at 25 C) (Spear et al, 1989) and its transport to groundwater used as potable water source could result in human exposure to the chemical. While NTO showed low toxicity to the freshwater organism Ceriodaphnia dubia, green algae Selenastrum capricornutum (Haley et al, 2009), and Rana pipiens tadpoles (Stanley et al, 2015), it is a male reproductive toxicant in rats (Wallace, 2011;Lent et al, 2015) and was reported to form transformation products that can be toxic if they behave similarly to metabolic intermediates of other nitro-compounds (Le Campion et al, 1999b). Based on these risks, accurate soil adsorption coefficients (K d s) and transformation rate constants are necessary to simulate and predict NTO fate and transport to groundwater.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Column transport studies of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) in soils

et al. 2017

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h i g h l i g h t sThis is the first study to examine transport behavior of dissolved NTO, a new IM compound. We measured adsorption, retardation and transformation of dissolved NTO in 8 soils. NTO absorption and retardation were low (K d < 1 cm 3 g À1 ).Transformation rates increased with time for high OC soils. Organic carbon and microbial activity promoted NTO transformation. a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c tDevelopment of the new, insensitive, energetic compound, NTO (3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one), creates need for the data on NTO's fate and transport to predict its behavior in the environment and potential for groundwater contamination. To measure the transport of NTO in soils, we conducted miscibledisplacement experiments under steady state and interrupted flow conditions using eight soils having varying physical and geochemical properties. The breakthrough curve (BTC) data were analyzed using temporal moment analysis and simulated using HYDRUS-1D to determine transport parameters and better understand the mechanisms of sorption and transformation. Parameters determined from the miscible-displacement study were compared to results obtained from batch experiments conducted for the same soils, and examined in relation to soil properties. Column NTO linear adsorption coefficients (K d ) were low and correlated well (P ¼ 0.000049) with measurements from the batch studies. NTO transformation rate constants increased and NTO recovery decreased with increase in soil organic carbon (OC) content. Autoclaved soils had slower transformation rates and greater NTO recoveries indicating that microorganisms play a role in NTO transformation. In addition, the transformation rate increased with time in soils with higher OC. Monod-type kinetics was implemented in HYDRUS-1D to simulate the observed increase in transformation rate with time. We think this phenomenon is due to bacterial growth. Results indicate very low adsorption of NTO in a range of soils, but natural attenuation through transformation that, depending on soil OC content and hydraulic residence time, could result in complete removal of NTO.

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“…Both DNAN and its transformation products exhibit microbial toxicity (with amino products being less toxic than DNAN) ; as well as toxicity to higher organisms (Dodard et al, 2013). However, DNAN toxicity is comparable to or less than that of TNT (Dodard et al, 2013;Stanley et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Batch soil adsorption and column transport studies of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) in soils

Arthur

Mark

Taylor

et al. 2017

Journal of Contaminant Hydrology

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The explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) is currently a main ingredient in munitions; however the compound has failed to meet the new sensitivity requirements. The replacement compound being tested is 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN). DNAN is less sensitive to shock, high temperatures, and has good detonation characteristics. However, DNAN is more soluble than TNT, which can influence transport and fate behavior and thus bioavailability and human exposure potential. The objective of this study was to investigate the environmental fate and transport of DNAN in soil, with specific focus on sorption processes. Batch and column experiments were conducted using soils collected from military installations located across the United States. The soils were characterized for pH, electrical conductivity, specific surface area, cation exchange capacity, and organic carbon content. In the batch rate studies, change in DNAN concentration with time was evaluated using the first order equation, while adsorption isotherms were fitted using linear and Freundlich equations. Solution mass-loss rate coefficients ranged between 0.0002 h −1 and 0.0068 h −1 . DNAN was strongly adsorbed by soils with linear adsorption coefficients ranging between 0.6 and 6.3 L g −1 , and Freundlich coefficients between 1.3 and 34 mg 1 − n L n kg −1 . Both linear and Freundlich adsorption coefficients were positively correlated with the amount of organic carbon and cation exchange capacity of the soil, indicating that similar to TNT, organic matter and clay minerals may influence adsorption of DNAN. The results of the miscible-displacement column experiments confirmed the impact of sorption on retardation of DNAN during transport. It was also shown that under flow conditions DNAN transforms readily with formation of amino transformation products, 2-ANAN and 4-ANAN. The magnitudes of retardation and transformation observed in this study result in significant attenuation potential for DNAN, which would be anticipated to contribute to a reduced risk for contamination of ground water from soil residues.

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Toxicity of the conventional energetics TNT and RDX relative to new insensitive munitions constituents DNAN and NTO in Rana pipiens tadpoles

Cited by 40 publications

References 31 publications

Review and synthesis of evidence regarding environmental risks posed by munitions constituents (MC) in aquatic systems

Review and synthesis of evidence regarding environmental risks posed by munitions constituents (MC) in aquatic systems

Column transport studies of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) in soils

Batch soil adsorption and column transport studies of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) in soils

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