Toxicity of substituted benzenes and algae (Scenedesmus obliquus) with solvation equation

Zhao, Yun-Tao; Qin, Weichao; Su, Limin; Yuan, Xing; Lu, Guanghua; Abrahan, H. Michael

doi:10.1007/s11434-009-0185-4

Cited by 6 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 29 publications

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“…To date, there are no toxicity studies published for HTL-WW. A previously published list of 48 hazardous constituents likely to be found in the HTL-WW did contain several compounds with reported toxic effects, specifically, phenol, toluene, benzene, 2-methylarizidine, and aziridine. − High concentrations of ammonia may also be toxic to algae and other aquatic organisms. Tsukahara et al found that the high concentration of ammonia (16.62 g/L) in a gasification process condensate was toxic to Chlorella vulgaris .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical and Biological Characterization of Wastewater Generated from Hydrothermal Liquefaction ofSpirulina

Pham

Schideman

Scott

et al. 2013

Environ. Sci. Technol.

166

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Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is an attractive method for converting wet biomass into petroleum-like biocrude oil that can be refined to make petroleum products. This approach is advantageous for conversion of low-lipid algae, which are promising feedstocks for sustainable large-scale biofuel production. As with natural petroleum formation, the water in contact with the produced oil contains toxic compounds. The objectives of this research were to: (1) identify nitrogenous organic compounds (NOCs) in wastewater from HTL conversion of Spirulina; (2) characterize mammalian cell cytotoxicity of specific NOCs, NOC mixture, and the complete HTL wastewater (HTL-WW) matrix; and (3) investigate mitigation measures to reduce toxicity in HTL-WW. Liquid-liquid extraction and nitrogen-phosphorus detection was used in conjunction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which detected hundreds of NOCs in HTL-WW. Reference materials for nine of the most prevalent NOCs were used to identify and quantify their concentrations in HTL-WW. Mammalian cell cytotoxicity of the nine NOCs was quantified using a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell assay, and the descending rank order for cytotoxicity was 3-dimethylamino-phenol > 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone > 2,6-dimethyl-3-pyridinol > 2-picoline > pyridine > 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone > σ-valerolactam > 2-pyrrolidinone > ε-caprolactam. The organic mixture extracted from HTL-WW expressed potent CHO cell cytotoxic activity, with a LC(50) at 7.5% of HTL-WW. Although the toxicity of HTL-WW was substantial, 30% of the toxicity was removed biologically by recycling HTL-WW back into algal cultivation. The remaining toxicity of HTL-WW was mostly eliminated by subsequent treatment with granular activated carbon.

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