Toxicity of Stormwater Runoff After Dormant Spray Application of Diazinon and Esfenvalerate (Asana®) in a French Prune Orchard, Glenn County, California, USA

Werner, Ingeborg; Deanovic, Linda A.; Hinton, D E; Henderson, John D.; Oliveira, Georgino Honorato de; Wilson, Barry W.; Krueger, William H.; Wallender, W. W.; Oliver, M. N.; Zalom, Frank G.

doi:10.1007/s00128-001-0215-7

Cited by 48 publications

(46 citation statements)

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“…Pyrethroids generally have low mammalian toxicity (Abernathy and Casida, 1973;Casida et al, 1983;Casida and Quistad, 1995), especially compared to many OP pesticides. However, there have been several reports regarding the sensitivity of aquatic invertebrates and some fish species to pyrethroids (Bradbury and Coats, 1989a;Werner et al, 2002;Denton et al, 2003). There is subsequently concern that the ecological consequences of increased pyrethroid application on aquatic ecosystems could be far-reaching.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual variability in esterase activity and CYP1A levels in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) exposed to esfenvalerate and chlorpyrifos

et al. 2005

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Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity has traditionally been monitored as a biomarker of organophosphate (OP) and/or carbamate exposure. However, AChE activity may not be the most sensitive endpoint for these agrochemicals, because OPs can cause adverse physiological effects at concentrations that do not affect AChE activity. Carboxylesterases are a related family of enzymes that have higher affinity than AChE for some OPs and carbamates and may be more sensitive indicators of environmental exposure to these pesticides. In this study, carboxylesterase and AChE activity, cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) protein levels, and mortality were measured in individual juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) following exposure to an OP (chlorpyrifos) and a pyrethroid (esfenvalerate). As expected, high doses of chlorpyrifos and esfenvalerate were acutely toxic, with nominal concentrations (100 and 1 μg/l, respectively) causing 100% mortality within 96 h. Exposure to chlorpyrifos at a high dose (7.3 μg/l), but not a low dose (1.2 μg/l), significantly inhibited AChE activity in both brain and muscle tissue (85% and 92% inhibition, respectively), while esfenvalerate exposure had no effect. In contrast, liver carboxylesterase activity was significantly inhibited at both the low and high chlorpyrifos dose exposure (56% and 79% inhibition, respectively), while esfenvalerate exposure still had little effect. The inhibition of carboxylesterase activity at levels of chlorpyrifos that did not affect AChE activity suggests that some salmon carboxylesterase isozymes may be more sensitive than AChE to inhibition by OPs. CYP1A protein levels were ∼30% suppressed by chlorpyrifos exposure at the high dose, but esfenvalerate had no effect. Three teleost species, Chinook salmon, medaka (Oryzias latipes) and Sacramento splittail (Pogonichthys macrolepidotus), were examined for their ability to hydrolyze a series of pyrethroid surrogate substrates and in all cases hydrolysis activity was undetectable. Together these data suggest that (1) carboxylesterase activity inhibition may be a more sensitive biomarker for OP exposure than AChE activity, (2) neither AChE nor carboxylesterase activity are biomarkers for pyrethroid exposure, (3) CYP1A protein is not a sensitive marker for these agrochemicals and (4) slow hydrolysis rates may be partly responsible for acute pyrethroid toxicity in fish.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual variability in esterase activity and CYP1A levels in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) exposed to esfenvalerate and chlorpyrifos

et al. 2005

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“…Many current insecticides have high activity against nontarget organisms and are also chiral. In particular, two classes of insecticides, synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) and organophosphates (OPs), are acutely toxic to a wide range of aquatic organisms at trace levels (15,16). Contamination of surface aquatic ecosystems by these compounds is a great environmental concern (17,18).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Enantioselectivity in environmental safety of current chiral insecticides

Liu

Gan

Schlenk

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

452

395

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Chiral pesticides currently constitute about 25% of all pesticides used, and this ratio is increasing as more complex structures are introduced. Chirality occurs widely in synthetic pyrethroids and organophosphates, which are the mainstay of modern insecticides. Despite the great public concerns associated with the use of insecticides, the environmental significance of chirality in currently used insecticides is poorly understood. In this study, we resolved enantiomers of a number of synthetic pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides on chiral selective columns and evaluated the occurrence of enantioselectivity in aquatic toxicity and biodegradation. Dramatic differences between enantiomers were observed in their acute toxicity to the freshwater invertebrates Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia magna, suggesting that the aquatic toxicity is primarily attributable to a specific enantiomer in the racemate. In field sediments, the (؊) enantiomer of cis-bifenthrin or cispermethrin was preferentially degraded, resulting in relative enrichment of the (؉) enantiomer. Enantioselective degradation was also observed during incubation of sediments under laboratory conditions. Enantioselectivity in these processes is expected to result in ecotoxicological effects that cannot be predicted from our existing knowledge and must be considered in future risk assessment and regulatory decisions. chiral contaminants ͉ chirality ͉ enantiomers ͉ chiral pesticides ͉ chiral selectivity T he significance of molecular chirality is widely recognized in life sciences (1, 2). A lesser-known fact is that many modern pesticides also contain chiral structures and thus consist of enantiomers (3, 4). About 25% of currently used pesticides are chiral, and this ratio is increasing as compounds with more complex structures are introduced into use (3). Enantiomers of the same compound have identical physical-chemical properties and thus appear as a single compound in standard analysis. For economic reasons, chiral pesticides are primarily used as mixtures of enantiomers, or racemates. However, enantiomers are known to selectively interact with biological systems that are usually enantioselective and may behave as drastically different compounds. The role of enantioselectivity in environmental safety is poorly understood for pesticides, and the knowledge gap is reflected in that the great majority of chiral pesticides are used and regulated as if they were achiral, that is, single compounds.Studies on chiral pesticides started to appear in the early 1990s (4,(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12). Studies so far show that microbial degradation of chiral pesticides is commonly enantioselective. As one enantiomer is preferentially degraded, the enantiomer ratio (ER), defined as the ratio of (ϩ) enantiomers to (Ϫ) enantiomers, increasingly deviates from the original value (typically 1.0) (8, 9). Enantioselectivity was found to result in changes of ER in ␣-HCH along the polar bear food chain, causing ER to increase from Ϸ1.0 in cod to 2.3 in liver samples of polar be...

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“…The Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board (CVRWQCB) 2 is currently establishing a control program for pyrethroid insecticides to protect Bay-Delta watershed aquatic life. The hydrophobic nature and strong binding affinity of pyrethroids to particulate matter were thought to reduce or prevent their runoff into surface waters; however, studies have shown that runoff from areas treated with pyrethroids was more toxic to fish than runoff from areas treated with OPs (Werner et al 2002;Jiang et al 2016 Understanding interactions between contaminant exposure and environmental factors, and their effect on populations, will likely require comprehensive analyses of disparate datasets. For example, Bailey et al (1994) used flow-adjusted Striped Bass abundance indices and pesticide concentrations to correlate rice agricultural discharges to their decline.…”

Section: Why Pyrethroids As An Example?mentioning

confidence: 99%