Toxicity of seven phthalate esters to embryonic development of the abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta

Abstract

The toxicity of seven phthalate esters (PAEs), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), di-n-hexyl phthalate (DnHP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP) to embryogenesis and larval development of the marine univalve Haliotis diversicolor supertexta was examined by means of two-stage embryo toxicity test. At the blastula stage, the normal embryonic development of H. diversicolor supertexta showed a good dose-response decrease when exposed to DMP, DEP, DBP, BBP, and DnHP. 9-h EC(50) values of DMP, DEP, DBP, BBP, and DnHP were 55.71, 39.13, 8.37, 2.65, and 3.32 mg/l, respectively. 9-h EC(50) values of DEHP and DOP were not available due to their low solubility. The toxicity order of seven tested PAEs was BBP>DnHP>DBP>DEP>DMP>DOP>DEHP. With the completion of metamorphosis as an experimental endpoint, the 96-h no-observed effect concentration values of DBP, DEHP and the other five tested PAEs were 0.022, 0.021, and 0.020 mg/l, respectively. Due to simple obtainment, convenient stimulation to spawn in the lab, greater sensitivity than mature species, and short culture time, the embryos of H. diversicolor supertexta have the potential to be utilized in acute toxicity test for at least PAEs.

Acute toxicity of nonylphenols and bisphenol A to the embryonic development of the abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta

“…Seawater was filtered through a Whatman GF/B filtration membrane (1 lm) prior to use. As determined previously (Liu et al 2009), the seawater was suitable for meeting the nutritional requirements for embryonic development and was not contaminated by pollutants which might affect the normal development of the embryos.…”

“…The embryos were incubated in the petri dishes until the early veliger stage (20 h). The abalone larvae then changed their living style from swimming to settlement (Liu et al 2009) and were transferred into 500 mL beakers containing 400 mL of the same culture media. Eight glass slides (76 9 25 mm) coated with the benthic diatom N. incerta were set vertically in each beaker and used as the settlement substrate for the larvae.…”

“…Therefore, adverse effects of EDCs on early life stages of certain invertebrates are possibly enhanced by the diatom during a short exposure period, and EDCs may cause acute toxicity to the settled embryos and larvae even at environmentally relevant concentrations. At present, only a few studies have examined the toxicity of EDCs to embryos of invertebrate species using benthic diatoms as the settlement substrate (Liu et al 2009). Arslan et al (2007) investigated the acute toxicity of NPs to the embryonic development of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus and found that the effective concentration was within an environmentally relevant range, from 0.937 to 18.74 lg L -1 , but the contribution from benthic diatoms was not mentioned.…”

“…Our previous investigation has shown that its embryos were sensitive to phthalate esters (PAEs), a typical class of EDCs, especially at the metamorphosis stage (Liu et al 2009). However, the embryonic response of H. diversicolor supertexta to other EDCs has not been reported.…”

Molecular Diagnosis and Characterization of Bacillus subtilis Isolated from Burn Wound in Iran

“…Because of having spores, it has a set of strategies that allows for survival in harsh conditions. For example, formation of endospores against stress provides the bacterium with compatibility with food poverty, acidic, alkaline, or osmotic situations, or oxidative conditions of heat or ethanol (3). In genetic studies, it is used for purine nucleotide synthesis pathway.…”