Toxicity of Organotin Compounds on Embryos of a Marine Invertebrate (Styela plicata;Tunicata)

Cima, Francesca; Ballarin, Loriano; Bressa, G.; Martinucci, G. B.; Burighel, Paolo

doi:10.1006/eesa.1996.0097

Cited by 71 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…At the highest TPT concentration used in the present work (10 mg l À1 ), all embryos were at the gastrula stage, whereas in TBT treatment at the same concentration they were blocked at the earliest morula stage. 39 The results obtained for both TPT in this study and for TBT by Marin et al 39 confirm the relative toxicity levels of these organotin compounds as reported by other authors, 7,34 with TBT being more toxic than TPT. Moreover, TPT is revealed to be more spermotoxic than embryotoxic, as fertilization is significantly inhibited at a concentration ten times lower than that affecting larval growth.…”

supporting

confidence: 90%

“…Both compounds can block the embryonic development of the ascidian Styela plicata, giving rise to anomalous embryos, with irreversible effects, probably due to inhibition of microtubule polymerization during mitosis. 34 Moreover, in the early life stage of the European minnow P. phoxinus, the toxicity of both TBT and TPT is essentially similar, as revealed by survival, morphological and histopathological data. 7 TBT also alters the activity of the hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 and associated enzyme in the scup Stenotomus chrysops, 35 and a similar effect is induced by TPT in rat liver cells.…”

mentioning

confidence: 89%

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Spermiotoxicity and embryotoxicity of triphenyltin in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus Lmk

Moschino

Marin

2002

Applied Organom Chemis

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The most important sources of pollution by triphenyltin (TPT) in marine coastal ecosystems are its employment as a fungicide in agriculture and, in association with tributyltin, as a biocide in antifouling paints. In this study, spermiotoxicity and embryotoxicity (from post-fertilization to pluteus stage) experiments were carried out to clarify better the ecotoxicological effects of TPT during the development of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Sperm exposed to triphenyltin acetate (TPTA) for 60 min showed a significantly reduced capability to fertilize eggs even at the lowest TPTA concentration of 0.1 mg l À1 . In proportion to increasing TPTA concentrations, the percentage of fertilized eggs decreased, falling to 45% at 10 mg l À1 , the maximum TPTA concentration tested.In embryotoxicity experiments at 48 h post-fertilization, the length of the pluteus somatic rods was significantly reduced (P < 0.001) at 1.5 mg l À1 and above. Progressive increases in skeletal anomalies were also detected, which were highly significant (P < 0.001) at 2 mg l À1 . Embryonic development was greatly slowed at the highest TPT concentrations: embryos never reached the pluteus stage at 5 mg l À1 , and development was blocked at the gastrula stage at 10 mg l À1. As observed in previous experiments using butyltin compounds, embryotoxic effects on both skeletal deposition and blocked development are presumed to be due to interference of TPT with intracellular calcium homeostasis. Sea urchin gametes are more sensitive to TPT than embryos, this condition emphasising the environmental risk due to TPT contamination.

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confidence: 90%

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confidence: 89%

Spermiotoxicity and embryotoxicity of triphenyltin in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus Lmk

Moschino

Marin

2002

Applied Organom Chemis

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“…20,21 However little is known about the effects of heavy metals on biological functions. Cima et al 22 reported that a treatment with organotin compounds decreased the viability of Styela plicata embryos, and other authors have shown that copper and tributyltin (TBT) affect cytotoxicity 23 and phagocytosis. 23 -25 The general functional features of invertebrate and vertebrate phagocytes make phagocytic function attractive for immunotoxicology studies.…”

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confidence: 99%

In vitro effects of methylmercury on ascidian (Styela plicata) immunocyte responses

Cammarata

Parisi

Benenati

et al. 2007

Applied Organom Chemis

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This study shows that high methylmercury concentrations are cytotoxic for Styela plicata hemocytes, whereas sublethal concentrations affect immunocyte responses. Moreover, hemocytes exposed to the xenobiotic present a significantly enhanced phenoloxidase activity as revealed in the hemocyte lysate supernatant compared with the control. Although the cytotoxic activity of S. plicata hemocytes toward rabbit erythrocytes is a PO-dependent cell-target reaction due to quinone products, it was significantly decreased by suitable methylmercury concentrations in the medium. The same xenobiotic concentrations decreased the hemocyte phagocytic activity toward yeast. In both the responses celltarget contacts could be affected by methylmercury, whereas the releasing capacity appeared to be unchanged, as indicated by hemocyte PO-release in the medium. Finally, changes in hemocyte shape and spreading capacity were shown. On the basis of the present results, Styela plicata hemocyte responses could be an additional immunotoxicology test using a microplate method that reveals cell morphological changes and spreading capacity.

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“…arrest or delay in embryonic development) has been demonstrated in marine bivalves 11 and benthic tunicates. 12 In mammals, the toxic effects of TBT in the form of TBT chloride (TBT-Cl) have been investigated in rats. Teratogenic effects during fetal development, related to the developmental stage at the time of exposure, were reported by Ema et al 13 Exposure to TBT-Cl in early pregnancy is also reported to induce infertility in rats.…”

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confidence: 99%

Accumulation of butyltin compounds in dolphins stranded along the Mediterranean coasts

Focardi¹,

Corsolini²,

Aurigi³

et al. 2000

Appl. Organometal. Chem.

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Concentrations of tributyltin (TBT) and its degradation products, monobutyltin (MBT) and dibutyltin (DBT), were determined in the liver and kidney of striped dolphins ( Stenella coeruleoalba), bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops truncatus) and in a fetus of the common dolphin (Delphinus delphi) found stranded along the western Italian and Greek coasts in the period 1992–1994. Butyltin (BT) compounds were detected in almost all the samples analyzed and were higher in the kidney than in the liver. Total BT concentrations were 0.78–8.05 μg g−1 wet wt in kidney and 0.015–1.02 μg g−1 wet wt in liver of S. coeruloealba. Bottlenose dolphins had lower BT concentrations than striped dolphins. Although only one fetal sample was analyzed, it showed the highest BT concentrations of all. Unlike BT concentrations in the other adult dolphins, in the pregnant dolphin they were higher in the liver (4.35 μg g−1 wet wt), suggesting that BTs are transferred from mother to fetus. No significant differences in BT concentrations were found between sexes. Of the breakdown products, DBT was predominant in most liver samples and MBT was more abundant in kidney. Although BT concentrations are known to be found in cetaceans inhabiting waters of developed countries, our observations strongly suggest that concentrations found in S. coeruleoalba were either similar to or higher than those reported for other Stenella species collected from coastal areas close to harbors or marinas. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Toxicity of Organotin Compounds on Embryos of a Marine Invertebrate (Styela plicata;Tunicata)

Cited by 71 publications

References 27 publications

Spermiotoxicity and embryotoxicity of triphenyltin in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus Lmk

Spermiotoxicity and embryotoxicity of triphenyltin in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus Lmk

In vitro effects of methylmercury on ascidian (Styela plicata) immunocyte responses

Accumulation of butyltin compounds in dolphins stranded along the Mediterranean coasts

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