Toxicity of Organic Compounds to Marine Invertebrate Embryos and Larvae: A Comparison Between the Sea Urchin Embryogenesis Bioassay and Alternative Test Species

Bellas, Juan; Beiras, Ricardo; Mariño-Balsa, J. C.; Fernández, Narciso de Gabriel

doi:10.1007/s10646-004-6370-y

Cited by 131 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 76 publications

(62 reference statements)

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“…This supports the hypothesis that TBT and DBT enter organisms through diffusion at pH 8 [12], because the two BTs exclusively exist as the neutral species at that pH (Supplemental Data, Table S1). Studies have found that some organisms such as Paracentrotus lividus have an EC50 value of 300 ng/L when exposed to TBT, even in artificial seawater with a very high concentration of cations at approximately pH 8 [37]. This also indicates that TBT can still be extremely toxic to organisms at pH 8, although the hardness is very high; this agrees with the results of the present study.…”

Section: Water Hardness Effect On Toxicity Of Tbt and Dbtsupporting

confidence: 92%

Toxicity and uptake of TRI‐ and dibutyltin in Daphnia magna in the absence and presence of nano‐charcoal

Fang

Borggaard

Holm

et al. 2011

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Butyltins (BTs), such as tributyltin (TBT) and dibutyltin (DBT), are toxic to aquatic organisms, but the presence of the strong adsorbent, black carbon (BC), can markedly influence BT toxicity and uptake in organisms. In the present study, the acute toxicity and uptake of TBT and DBT in the crustacean, Daphnia magna, were investigated with and without addition of nano-charcoal at different pHs and water hardnesses. The results showed that the toxicity of TBT and DBT increased by lowering the pH from 8 to 6. This reflects a relatively higher toxicity of cationic BT species than of the neutral species. At pH 6, by enhancing the water hardness of the media from 0.6 to 2.5 mM, the toxicity of TBT and DBT consistently decreased due to competitive binding of bivalent cations (Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺) to biotic ligands of D. magna. Furthermore, the toxicity of TBT to D. magna significantly decreased in the presence of nano-charcoal compared with experiments without nano-charcoal at pH 6 and 8, while no significant decrease in toxicity of DBT was observed in the presence of nano-charcoal. This can be attributed to the insignificant decrease of free DBT concentration in the presence of nano-charcoal compared with that for TBT. Conversely, it was observed that more TBT and DBT were taken up in D. magna in the presence of nano-charcoal due to the uptake of TBT or DBT associated with nano-charcoal by Daphnia in gut systems, as seen by light microscopy. This indicated that only free nonadsorbed BTs were toxic to D. magna, at least during short periods of exposure.

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Section: Water Hardness Effect On Toxicity Of Tbt and Dbtsupporting

confidence: 92%

Toxicity and uptake of TRI‐ and dibutyltin in Daphnia magna in the absence and presence of nano‐charcoal

Fang

Borggaard

Holm

et al. 2011

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…It also limits cell division in phytoplankton and reproduction of zooplankton. TBT has been reported to induce shell calcification anomalies in the oyster Crassostrea gigs at a level of 2 ng L -1 and to disturb the reproduction of bivalve mollusks at 20 ng L -1 (Bella et al 2005a). Ruiz et al (1995) investigated the effect of TBT exposure on veliger larval development of the bivalve (C. tsubasa).…”

Section: Toxicity To Marine Invertebratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In many marine species, such effects include larval mortality (Bella et al 2005a) and impairment in growth, development, reproduction, and survival (Haggera et al 2005). Moreover, the results of several experiments have indicated that there is or may be a spectrum of potential adverse chronic systemic effects of organotin exposure in animals and humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Exposure, Biomarkers, and Fate of Organotins in the Environment

Okoro

Fatoki

Adekola

et al. 2011

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

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Organotin compounds result from the addition of organic moieties to inorganic tin.Thus, one or more tin-carbon bonds exist in each organotin molecule. The organo-tin compounds are ubiquitous in the environment. Organotin compounds have many uses, including those as fungicides and stabilizers in plastics, among others in industry. The widespread use of organotins as antifouling agents in boat paints has resulted in pollution of freshwater and marine ecosystems. The presence of organotin compounds in freshwater and marine ecosystems is now understood to be a threat, because of the amounts found in water and the toxicity of some organotin compounds to aquatic organisms, and perhaps to humans as well. Organotin com-pounds are regarded by many to be global pollutants of a stature similar to biphenyl,mercury, and the polychlorinated dibenzodioxins. This stature results from the high toxicity, persistence, bioaccumulation, and endocrine disruptive features of even very low levels of selected organotin compounds.Efforts by selected governmental agencies and others have been undertaken to find a global solution to organotin pollution. France was the first country to ban the use of the organotins in 1980. This occurred before the international maritime organization (IMO) called for a global treaty to ban the application of tributyltin (TBT)-based paints. In this chapter, we review the organotin compounds with emphasis on the human exposure, fate, and distribution of them in the environment. The widespread use of the organotins and their high stability have led to contamination of some aquatic ecosystems. As a result, residues of the organotins may reach humans via food consumption. Notwithstanding the risk of human exposure, only limited data are available on the levels at which the organotins exist in foodstuffs consumed by humans. Moreover, the response of marine species to the organotins, such as TBT, has not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, more data on the organotins and the consequences of exposure to them are needed. In particular, we believe the following areas need attention: expanded toxicity testing in aquatic species, human exposure, human body burdens, and the research to identify biomarkers for testing the toxicity of the organotins to marine invertebrates.

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“…In tests with elutriates or pore waters, crustaceans, and particularly early life stages, have been found to be several orders of magnitude more sensitive to insecticides than echinoderms and molluscs (Ramamoorthy and Baddaloo, 1995;Bellas et al, 2005). Crustaceans are also particularly sensitive to cadmium (Mariño-Balsa et al, 2000) compared to other marine invertebrates.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%