Toxicity of Non-protein Amino Acids to Humans and Domestic Animals

Nunn, Peter B.; Bell, E. A.; Watson, Alison A.; Nash, Robert J.

doi:10.1177/1934578x1000500329

Cited by 24 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 237 publications

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“…Non-protein amino acids are plant secondary metabolites produced as a means to protect plants from environmental stresses, including herbivory [ 95 ]. Non-protein amino acids are structurally similar to proteinogenic amino acids which suggests both types of amino acids share similar synthetic metabolic pathways [ 96 ].…”

Section: Rumen Microbial Detoxification Of Plant Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxin Degradation by Rumen Microorganisms: A Review

Loh

Ouwerkerk

Klieve

et al. 2020

Toxins

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Animal feeds may contain exogenous compounds that can induce toxicity when ruminants ingest them. These toxins are secondary metabolites originating from various sources including plants, bacteria, algae and fungi. Animal feed toxins are responsible for various animal poisonings which negatively impact the livestock industry. Poisoning is more frequently reported in newly exposed, naïve ruminants while ‘experienced’ ruminants are observed to better tolerate toxin-contaminated feed. Ruminants can possess detoxification ability through rumen microorganisms with the rumen microbiome able to adapt to utilise toxic secondary metabolites. The ability of rumen microorganisms to metabolise these toxins has been used as a basis for the development of preventative probiotics to confer resistance against the poisoning to naïve ruminants. In this review, detoxification of various toxins, which include plant toxins, cyanobacteria toxins and plant-associated fungal mycotoxins, by rumen microorganisms is discussed. The review will include clinical studies of the animal poisoning caused by these toxins, the toxin mechanism of action, toxin degradation by rumen microorganisms, reported and hypothesised detoxification mechanisms and identified toxin metabolites with their toxicity compared to their parent toxin. This review highlights the commercial potential of rumen inoculum derived probiotics as viable means of improving ruminant health and production.

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Section: Rumen Microbial Detoxification Of Plant Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxin Degradation by Rumen Microorganisms: A Review

Loh

Ouwerkerk

Klieve

et al. 2020

Toxins

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Most legumes seeds such as the Canavalia species, Medicago sativa [34], and Vicia ervilia [35] consist of canavanine. The inhibition effect of canavanine on the development of insects is due to the competition for the irreplaceable amino acid arginine.…”

Section: Toxic Amino Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Efficacy of High-Protein Tropical Forages as Alternative Protein Sourcesfor Chickens: A Review

2018

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Smallholders of poultry production systems in developing countries are commonly found in rural, resource-poor areas, and often face food insecurity. The main constraints for smallholders in poultry production in rural, resource-poor areas are the shortage of available commercial dietary protein and the high cost of commercial diets. The beneficial effects of legume and forage cultivation are economic, through providing protein for animals, and ecological, such as soil amendment, nitrogen fixation, and stripping control which participate to increase cropping efficiency. The potential nutritive value of a wide range of forages and grain legumes is presented and discussed. The impacts of dietary protein, fiber, and secondary metabolites in plant content, as as well as their consequences on feed efficiency, animal performance, and digestion processes are enclosed in this review. Lastly, approaches to reduce the anti-nutritional factors of the secondary metabolites of plants are explained.

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“…The non-protein amino acid oxalyldiaminopropionic acid (ODAP) was originally derived from the legume Lathyrus sativus , a known neurotoxic compound and the primary component in the neurological disease lathyrism (Nunn et al 2010). Although ODAP does not form carbamates in the presence of CO 2 , or HCO 3 − , its structural similarities to glutamate causes ODAP to bind to ionotropic receptors and metabotropic receptors, causing cellular damage (Nunn et al 2010).…”

Section: Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although ODAP does not form carbamates in the presence of CO 2 , or HCO 3 − , its structural similarities to glutamate causes ODAP to bind to ionotropic receptors and metabotropic receptors, causing cellular damage (Nunn et al 2010). Dissociation of ODAP results in the metabolite 2,3-diaminopropionate (2,3-DAP, Fig.4d).…”

Section: Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemistry and Chemical Equilibrium Dynamics of BMAA and Its Carbamate Adducts

2017

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Beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) has been demonstrated to contribute to the onset of the ALS/Parkinsonism-dementia complex (ALS/PDC) and is implicated in the progression of other neurodegenerative diseases. While the role of BMAA in these diseases is still debated, one of the suggested mechanisms involves the activation of excitatory glutamate receptors. In particular, the excitatory effects of BMAA are shown to be dependent on the presence of bicarbonate ions, which in turn forms carbamate adducts in physiological conditions. The formation of carbamate adducts from BMAA and bicarbonate is similar to the formation of carbamate adducts from non-proteinogenic amino acids. Structural, chemical, and biological information related to non-proteinogenic amino acids provide insight into the formation of and possible neurological action of BMAA. This article reviews the carbamate formation of BMAA in the presence of bicarbonate ions, with a particular focus on how the chemical equilibrium of BMAA carbamate adducts may affect the molecular mechanism of its function. Highlights of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based studies on the equilibrium process between free BMAA and its adducts are presented. The role of divalent metals on the equilibrium process is also explored. The formation and the equilibrium process of carbamate adducts of BMAA may answer questions on their neuroactive potency and provide strong motivation for further investigations into other toxic mechanisms.

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Toxicity of Non-protein Amino Acids to Humans and Domestic Animals

Cited by 24 publications

References 237 publications

Toxin Degradation by Rumen Microorganisms: A Review

Toxin Degradation by Rumen Microorganisms: A Review

The Efficacy of High-Protein Tropical Forages as Alternative Protein Sourcesfor Chickens: A Review

Chemistry and Chemical Equilibrium Dynamics of BMAA and Its Carbamate Adducts

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