Toxicity of naphthenic acid fraction components extracted from fresh and aged oil sands process-affected waters, and commercial naphthenic acid mixtures, to fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) embryos

Marentette, Julie R.; Frank, Richard A.; Bartlett, Adrienne J.; Gillis, Patricia L.; Hewitt, L. Mark; Peru, Kerry M.; Headley, John V.; Brunswick, Pamela; Shang, Dayue; Parrott, Joanne L.

doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.04.024

Cited by 119 publications

(129 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Release of OSPW to the environment is hindered by the toxicity of the water, due primarily to dissolved naphthenic acids (NAs) and other acid extractable organics (AEO) [1,2], and thus an estimated 1 billion m 3 of OSPW to date has been retained in tailings ponds on site. NAs are not fully biodegradable [3,4], and their toxicity persists over decades [5], therefore a water treatment solution may be required to enable OSPW discharge.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Floating Photocatalysts for Passive Solar Degradation of Naphthenic Acids in Oil Sands Process-Affected Water

Leshuk

Krishnakumar

Livera

et al. 2018

Water

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Abstract:Oil sands process-affected water (OSPW), generated from bitumen extraction in the Canadian oil sands, may require treatment to enable safe discharge to receiving watersheds, as dissolved naphthenic acids (NAs) and other acid extractable organics (AEO), identified as the primary toxic components of OSPW, are environmentally persistent and poorly biodegradable. However, conventional advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are impractically expensive to treat the volumes of OSPW stockpiled in the Athabasca region. Here we prepared floating photocatalysts (FPCs) by immobilizing TiO 2 on glass microbubbles, such that the composite particles float at the air-water interface for passive solar photocatalysis. The FPCs were demonstrated to outperform P25 TiO 2 nanoparticles in degrading AEO in raw OSPW under natural sunlight and gentle mixing conditions. The FPCs were also found to be recyclable for multiple uses through simple flotation and skimming. This paper thus demonstrates the concept of a fully passive AOP that may be scalable to oil sands water treatment challenges, achieving efficient NA reduction solely through the energy provided by sunlight and natural mixing processes (wind and waves).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Floating Photocatalysts for Passive Solar Degradation of Naphthenic Acids in Oil Sands Process-Affected Water

Leshuk

Krishnakumar

Livera

et al. 2018

Water

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“…These types of teratogenic effects have been described in detail previously in S. tropicalis exposed to commercial extracts and AEOs in a dose-response fashion (Gutierrez-Villagomez et al, 2019). Edema and heart abnormalities have also been described in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to AEOs extracted from oil sands from the Daqing oil exploring area (Wang et al, 2015) and larval fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exposed to NA fraction components (NAFCs) of OSPW from Alberta, Canada (Marentette et al, 2015). The 96 h LC 50 estimates for S. tropicalis were 10.4, 11.7, and 52.3 mg/L for S1, S2, and the AEOs, respectively (Gutierrez-Villagomez et al, 2019).…”

Section: Effects Of Exposure To Commercial Nasmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…The solvent control did not have a significant effect on morphometric measurements and frequency of abnormalities (Gutierrez-Villagomez et al, 2019). Likewise, Marentette et al (2015) reported no effect on the frequency of abnormalities up to concentrations of 50 mM NaOH in fathead minnow embryos. However, the RT-qPCR results showed that NaOH at 0.001 N reduced the expression of many of the genes analyzed by PCR (Figures 5, 6, AEO column).…”

Section: Rt-qpcr Validation Of Differentially Expressed Genesmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…The 96 h EC 50 estimates based on frequencies of developmental abnormalities in S. tropicalis were 2.1, 2.6, and 14.2 mg/L for S1, S2, and the AEOs, respectively. In fathead minnow embryos, an EC 50 for hatching success of 2.5 and 7.5-18.5 mg/L have been reported for a Sigma extract and AEOs, respectively (Marentette et al, 2015). These observations indicate that fish and frogs might have a similar sensitivity with respect to embryotoxicity in response to commercial NAs and AEOs, however, direct comparisons between taxa should be conducted to test this hypothesis.…”

Section: Effects Of Exposure To Commercial Nasmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Transcriptome Analysis Reveals That Naphthenic Acids Perturb Gene Networks Related to Metabolic Processes, Membrane Integrity, and Gut Function in Silurana (Xenopus) tropicalis Embryos

et al. 2019

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Naphthenic acids (NAs) are oil-derived mixtures of carboxylic acids and are considered emerging contaminants with the potential to disrupt development of aquatic species. In the Oil Sands Region of Canada, NAs are components of the water released following processing of the bitumen-containing sand. The aim of this research was to identify potential mechanisms of toxicity of NA mixtures. Silurana (Xenopus) tropicalis embryos were raised in water spiked with commercial oil-derived NA extracts (S1 and S2) at a sub-lethal concentration (2 mg/L). The transcriptomic responses of the whole 4-day old embryos following exposure were assessed using a custom oligonucleotide microarray. Both NA mixtures induced embryonic abnormalities that included edema, and cardiac and gut abnormalities. Exposure to NAs also affected morphometric parameters and decreased total length, tail length, and interorbital distance of the embryos. Gene ontology analysis revealed that 18 biological processes, 5 cellular components, and 19 molecular functions were significantly enriched after both S1 and S2 exposures. Sub-network enrichment analysis revealed pathways that were related to phenotypic abnormalities; these included gut function, edema, and cartilage differentiation. Other notable networks affected by NAs included metabolism and cell membrane integrity. In a separate dose-response experiment, the expression of key genes identified by microarray (cyp4b1, abcg2, slc26a6, eprs, and slc5a1) was determined by Real-Time qPCR in S. tropicalis embryos exposed to the commercial NAs and to acid-extractable organics (AEOs) prepared from Oil Sands Process-Affected Water. In general, the RT-qPCR data agreed with the microarray data. In S. tropicalis embryos exposed to the AEOs, the mRNA levels of eprs (bifunctional glutamate/proline-tRNA ligase) and slcs5a1 (sodium/glucose cotransporter 1) were significantly decreased compared to

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“…Naphthenic acids (NAs) are a complex mixture of alkyl-substituted acyclic and cycloaliphatic carboxylic acids described by the general chemical formula C n H 2n+Z O 2 , where n indicates the carbon number and Z is zero or a negative, even integer that specifies the hydrogen deficiency resulting from ring formation (Clemente and Fedorak, 2005). Found naturally in crude oil deposits, NAs are toxic to a wide range of aquatic organisms including microalgae (Debenest et al, 2012), fish (Marentette et al, 2015;Scarlett et al, 2013), and amphibians (Melvin and Trudeau, 2012), and also pose a problem during oil refining due to their corrosivity (Jayaraman et al, 1986;Laredo et al, 2004;Tomczyk et al, 2001). Due to their high abundance in bitumen, most recent research into the environmental behaviour and fate of NAs has been focused on northern Alberta's Athabasca oil sands region, where the alkaline water hot extraction process used in surface mining concentrates these compounds in oil sands process-affected water (OSPW).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Naphthenic acids in groundwater overlying undeveloped shale gas and tight oil reservoirs

et al. 2018

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The acid extractable organics (AEOs) containing naphthenic acids (NAs) in groundwater overlying undeveloped shale gas (Saint-Édouard region) and tight oil (Haldimand sector, Gaspé) reservoirs in Québec, Canada, were analysed using high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry and thermal conversion/elemental analysis - isotope ratio mass spectrometry. As classically defined by CHO, the most abundant NAs detected in the majority of groundwater samples were straight-chain (Z = 0) or monounsaturated (Z = -2) C and C fatty acids. Several groundwater samples from both study areas, however, contained significant proportions of presumably alicyclic bicyclic NAs (i.e., Z = -4) in the C-C range. These compounds may have originated from migrated waters containing a different distribution of NAs, or are the product of in situ microbial alteration of shale organic matter and petroleum. In most groundwater samples, intramolecular carbon isotope values generated by pyrolysis (δC) of AEOs were on average around 2-3‰ heavier than those generated by bulk combustion (δC) of AEOs, providing further support for microbial reworking of subsurface organic carbon. Although concentrations of AEOs were very low (<2.0 mg/L), the detection of potentially toxic bicyclic acids in groundwater overlying unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs points to a natural background source of organic contaminants prior to any large-scale commercial hydrocarbon development.

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Toxicity of naphthenic acid fraction components extracted from fresh and aged oil sands process-affected waters, and commercial naphthenic acid mixtures, to fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) embryos

Cited by 119 publications

References 61 publications

Floating Photocatalysts for Passive Solar Degradation of Naphthenic Acids in Oil Sands Process-Affected Water

Floating Photocatalysts for Passive Solar Degradation of Naphthenic Acids in Oil Sands Process-Affected Water

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals That Naphthenic Acids Perturb Gene Networks Related to Metabolic Processes, Membrane Integrity, and Gut Function in Silurana (Xenopus) tropicalis Embryos

Naphthenic acids in groundwater overlying undeveloped shale gas and tight oil reservoirs

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