Toxicity of iodine, iodide, and iodate to Daphnia magna and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Use of Iodized Versus Non-iodized Sodium Chloride in Therapeutic Dips and Baths for Freshwater Fish

“…Further studies are necessary to determine if iodized salt is safe in other freshwater fish species. Laverock, Stephenson, and Macdonald (1995) reported that an increase in water hardness (≥222 mg/L) can cause iodine to become more toxic to fish. The water in our study had a hardness of up to 205 mg/L, which is higher than the values seen in Laverock, Stephenson, and Macdonald's studies, yet those authors did not see any mortalities in the Jack Dempsey cichlids or koi treated with iodized salt.…”

“…As a control, one fish of each species was placed in the same size holding container without iodine treatment. The fish were initially exposed to 0.5 mg/L because this concentration was lower than the reported minimum LC 50 (0.53 mg/L) (Laverock, Stephenson, & Macdonald 1995). If the fish survived exposure to 0.5 mg/L, it was exposed to the next increased concentration of iodine.…”

“…In channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, exposed to iodine in a static environment, LC 50 values ranged from 0.44 mg/L to 3 mg/L, depending on exposure time, 24 h and 1 h, respectively (LeValley 1982). The iodine LC 50 for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, in a static environment was determined to be between 0.53 mg/L and 1.67 mg/L depending on water chemistry (Laverock, Stephenson, & Macdonald 1995). Laverock, Stephenson, and Macdonald (1995) reported that a hardness of ≥222 mg/L increased the toxicity of iodine.…”

“…The iodine LC 50 for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, in a static environment was determined to be between 0.53 mg/L and 1.67 mg/L depending on water chemistry (Laverock, Stephenson, & Macdonald 1995). Laverock, Stephenson, and Macdonald (1995) reported that a hardness of ≥222 mg/L increased the toxicity of iodine. while increased total organic carbon reduced its toxicity.…”

Preparation of Novel Iodized Salt with Natural Iodine‐Rich Sources by Spray Drying

“…Iodate has a positive valence of 5 and is very oxidative, prone to withdraw electrons and cause oxidative damage in organism (Liu, Li, Wang, Cao, & Ma, 2017). Also, an investigation by Laverock, Stephenson, and Macdonald (1995) indicated that the acute toxicity could be occurred (Laverock et al, 1995). Above 10 mg/kg of doses, iodate can possibly be toxic to retina, genotoxic, and carcinogenic effects (Bürgi, Schaffner, & Seiler, 2001).…”