Toxicity of Four Surfactants to Juvenile Rainbow Trout: Implications for Use over Water

Smith, B. C.; Curran, C. A.; Brown, K. W.; Cabarrus, Jennifer L.; Gown, J. B.; McIntyre, Jenifer K.; Moreland, Erin E.; Wong, Virginia; Grassley, James M.; Grue, Christian E.

doi:10.1007/s00128-004-0292-5

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…In that study, Competitor (96‐h LC50: 95 mg/L) was found to be more toxic than Agri‐dex (96‐h LC50: >1000 mg/L) to rainbow trout. Although Agri‐dex was not tested alongside Competitor, another study found Agri‐dex to be the least toxic (96‐h LC50: 271 mg/L) of 4 nonformulated surfactants (R‐11, LI 700, Hasten, and Agri‐dex) when tested with rainbow trout . The results of the present study and the 2 studies mentioned above may indicate that Agri‐dex has a relatively low toxicity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 46%

The toxicity of glyphosate alone and glyphosate–surfactant mixtures to western toad (Anaxyrus boreas) tadpoles

Vincent

Davidson

2015

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Pesticide choice based on toxicity to nontarget wildlife is reliant on available toxicity data. Despite a number of recent studies examining the effects of glyphosate on amphibians, very few have aimed to understand the toxicological effects of glyphosate in combination with surfactants as it is commonly applied in the field. Land managers interested in making pesticide choices based on minimizing impacts to nontarget wildlife are hindered by a lack of published toxicity data. Short-term acute toxicity trials were conducted for glyphosate in the form of isopropylamine salt (IPA) alone and mixed with 2 surfactants: Agri-dex and Competitor with western toad (Anaxyrus [Bufo] boreas) tadpoles. Glyphosate IPA mixed with Competitor was 6 times more toxic than glyphosate IPA mixed with Agri-dex, and both mixtures were more toxic than glyphosate IPA alone. The median lethal concentrations reported for 24-h and 48-h exposures were 8279 mg/L (24 h) and 6392 mg/L (48 h) for glyphosate IPA alone; 5092 mg/L (24 h) and 4254 mg/L (48 h) for glyphosate IPA mixed with Agri-dex; and 853 mg/L (24 h) and 711 mg/L (48 h) for glyphosate IPA mixed with Competitor. The present study indicates that the toxicity of a tank mix may be greatly increased by the addition of surfactants and may vary widely depending on the specific surfactant.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 46%

The toxicity of glyphosate alone and glyphosate–surfactant mixtures to western toad (Anaxyrus boreas) tadpoles

Vincent

Davidson

2015

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…Increased organism sensitivity to adjuvants and herbicideadjuvant mixtures is seen frequently in the literature (e.g., Chen et al 2010;Kleinhenz et al 2016;Mesnage and Antoniou 2018). Although data are lacking for comparable species, Smith et al (2004) investigated the toxicity of 4 surfactants to juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and found Agri-dex to be the least toxic (96-h LC50 271 mg/L) of those tested, compared to Hasten ® (74 mg/L), LI 700 ® (17 mg/L), and R-11 ® (6 mg/L). Vincent and Davidson (2015) compared the toxicity of glyphosate with and without surfactants to Anaxyrus boreas tadpoles and found the combination of glyphosate and adjuvant to be more toxic than glyphosate alone (48-h LC50 6392 mg/L).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Adjuvants are frequently added to formulations and tank mixes to increase the efficacy of the herbicide. Agri-dex nonionic surfactant is a crop oil concentrate (Smith et al 2004). Crop oil concentrates are mostly oil with a fraction of surfactant and/or emulsifier added, which increases pesticide permeability through the waxy cuticle of plants or the chitin shell of insects (Curran and Lingenfelter 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Penoxsulam and imazamox are both acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors and, like many herbicides, are applied in conjunction with an adjuvant to increase efficacy. Agri-dex ® non-ionic surfactant is a crop oil concentrate made from a combination of heavy range paraffin-based petroleum oil, polyol fatty acid esters, and polyethoxylated derivatives (Smith et al 2004) and is frequently used as an adjuvant with Galleon SC and Clearcast in the invasive aquatic weed control program in the Sacramento-San Joaquin delta.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effect of Herbicide Formulations and Herbicide–Adjuvant Mixtures on Aquatic Food Web Species of the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta, California, USA

Stillway

2020

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Herbicides have recently been designated as one of the most frequently detected chemical types in aquatic systems. We evaluated the effect of the herbicide formulations Clearcast® (active ingredient imazamox) and Galleon® SC (active ingredient penoxsulam), in conjunction with the adjuvant Agri‐dex®, on the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana and the copepod Eurytemora affinis and whether their application in invasive aquatic weed control has acutely negative effects on important delta food web species. Herbicide–adjuvant mixtures were more toxic than herbicide formulations alone. For the diatom, 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) were 84.4 mg/L for Clearcast, >100 mg/L for Galleon SC, and 38.5 mg/L for Agri‐dex. In the herbicide mixture diatom tests, IC50s decreased to 2.8 mg/L for Clearcast + 64 mg/L Agri‐dex and to 6.6 mg/L for Galleon SC + 41 mg/L Agri‐dex. In the copepod tests, 50% effect concentrations (EC50s) were 45.4 mg/L for Agri‐dex, 31.2 mg/L for Galleon SC, and >100 mg/L for Clearcast. When tested together, EC50s were reduced to 24.1 for Galleon SC and 67.6 mg/L for Clearcast in the presence of 50 mg/L Agri‐dex. Environmentally relevant herbicide–adjuvant mixture ratios were at the no‐observed‐effect level. Mixture interactions between herbicides and adjuvants indicate the potential for increased toxicity in herbicide formulations and tank mixes, especially in consideration of the unlisted, proprietary ingredients which are included in herbicide formulations, making predicting nontarget effects challenging. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1375–1381. © 2020 SETAC

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“…These LC50 estimates fall below the low end of our 95% CL at LC50 (10.63 mg/L). Smith et al (2004) reported an R-11 96 h acute LC50 of 6.0 (5.7-6.2) mg/L for juvenile rainbow trout. The 95% Cl from our study and the study by Smith et al (2004) do not overlap.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Toxicity and Hazard Assessment of Spinosad and R-11 to Three Cladoceran Species and Coho Salmon

Deardorff

Stark

2009

Bull Environ Contam Toxicol

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Acute toxicity data and hazard assessments were developed for three cladoceran species, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia pulex, and Daphnia magna, and juvenile Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch after exposure to the insecticide, spinosad and adjuvant R-11. The effect of a mixture of these compounds was also determined with C. dubia and O. kisutch. Spinosad was virtually non-toxic to O. kisutch. Hazard assessments indicated that R-11 posed no hazard to any of the species tested while spinosad only posed a hazard to C. dubia. Mixture studies indicated that spinosad and R-11 may interact synergistically in C. dubia.

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Toxicity of Four Surfactants to Juvenile Rainbow Trout: Implications for Use over Water

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

The toxicity of glyphosate alone and glyphosate–surfactant mixtures to western toad (Anaxyrus boreas) tadpoles

The toxicity of glyphosate alone and glyphosate–surfactant mixtures to western toad (Anaxyrus boreas) tadpoles

The Effect of Herbicide Formulations and Herbicide–Adjuvant Mixtures on Aquatic Food Web Species of the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta, California, USA

Acute Toxicity and Hazard Assessment of Spinosad and R-11 to Three Cladoceran Species and Coho Salmon

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