Toxicity of field-weathered insecticide residues to Anaphes iole (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), an egg parasitoid of Lygus lineolaris (Heteroptera: Miridae), and implications for inundative biological control in cotton

Influence of spinosad on immature and adult stages of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

“…Also, spraying of spinosad would never provide full coverage to all plants that allows C. carnea to feed upon spinosad-uncontaminated honeydews or nectars. Spinosad was toxic to some parasitoids, such as Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) and C. plutella (Kurdjumov) (Pietrantonio and Benedict 1999), Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Ruberson and Tillman 1999) and Anaphes iole Girault (Williams et al 2003).…”

“…Indeed, a slight reduction in feeding capacity was observed for larvae fed on spinosadtreated-aphids. This is due to the low quality of treated preys not to a direct toxic effect of spinosad (Williams et al 2003;Desneux et al 2007). …”

Effects of deltamethrin on the reproduction ofTrichogramma cordubensis(Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

“…According to Williams et al (2003) some pyrethroids have a high residual toxicity and Xiong et al (1986) suggested that the inhibition of adult emergence of Trichogramma japonicum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) seems to be caused by deltamethrin residues on the host egg chorion. Saber et al (2005) also suggested that T. grandis failed to emerge when in contact with the deltamethrin residues while chewing the host egg chorion to make the exit holes.…”

Fate of 14C-Aldicarb in Parasitized Spodoptera littoralis Boisd. Larvae*

“…A number of research have focused on to determine the lethal effect of insecticides or its residues to adult parasitoids (Erol and Kılınçer 1986, Yiğit and Uygun 1986, Kılınçer et al 1990, Stansly and Liu 1997, Delpuech et al 1998, Jones et al 1998, Hill and Foster 2000, Tillman and Mulrooney 2000, Brunner et al 2001, Consoli et al 2001, Takada et al 2001, Haseeb and Amano 2002, Tang et al 2002, Kramarz and Stark 2003, Langhof et al 2003, Symington 2003, Williams III et al 2003. Although studies, such as effect of insecticides on immature stage of parasitoids via trophic interactions are also examined (Butaye and Degheele 1995, Iqbal and Wright 1996, Floate and Fox 1999, Erb et al 2001), a few of them are related to systemic insecticides.…”