Toxicity of echinulin from Aspergillus chevalieri in rabbits

Ali, Muslim; Mohammed, Nazar Sh.; Alnaqeeb, Majed A.; Hassan, Rihab A. H.; Ahmad, Hanan S.A.

doi:10.1016/0378-4274(89)90049-0

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The toxicity of echinulin has been studied by several groups. Echinulin ( 7 ) exhibited cytotoxicity to HeLa cells at the concentration of 100 mg/l (Umeda et al ., 1974; Wang et al ., 2006) and caused severe damage of alveolar organization and thickening of alveolar walls and liver damage (Ali et al ., 1989). However, echinulin ( 7 ) was not genotoxic (Mori et al ., 1984).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities of secondary metabolites from the fungus Eurotium repens

et al. 2011

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In this study, we examined in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, and antileishmanial activities of secondary metabolites (1–8) isolated from the fungus Eurotium repens. All compounds showed mild to moderate antibacterial or antifungal or both activities except 7. The activity of compound 6 was the best of the group tested. The in vitro antimalarial evaluation of these compounds revealed that compounds 1–3, 5, and 6 showed antimalarial activities against both chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum with IC50 values in the range of 1.1–3.0 μg/ml without showing any cytotoxicity to the mammalian cells. Compound 5 displayed the highest antimalarial activity. Antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani promastigotes was observed for compounds 1–6 with IC50 values ranging from 6.2 to 23 μg/ml. Antileishmanial activity of compounds 5 and 6 (IC50 values of 7.5 and 6.2 μg/ml, respectively) was more potent than 1–4 (IC50 values ranging from 19–23 μg/ml). Compounds 7 and 8 did not show any antiprotozoal effect. Preliminary structure and activity relationship studies indicated that antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, and antileishmanial activities associated with phenol derivates (1–6) seem to be dependent on the number of double bonds in the side chain, which would be important for lead optimization in the future.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities of secondary metabolites from the fungus Eurotium repens

et al. 2011

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“…These species were capable of producing echinulin on rice [21]. Rabbits injected intraperitoneally with purified echinulin have shown a significant degree of lung and liver damage [22]. Also, the production of aflatoxins has been reported for E. amstelodami, E. repens , and E. rubrum [23–26], and the production of ochratoxin A has been reported for E. amstelodami [23].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycoflora and Natural Incidence of Selected Mycotoxins in Rabbit and Chinchilla Feeds

Greco

Pardo

Ludemann

et al. 2012

The Scientific World Journal

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Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi that cause a toxic response when ingested by animals or man. Demand of natural fur, such as those from rabbit and chinchilla, produced under controlled conditions, has increased worldwide. The toxicogenic mycoflora contaminating feeds for these animals was enumerated and identified. Six of the major mycotoxins implicated in animal mycotoxicosis were detected and quantified. Moulds count ranged from<10 to4.7×105CFU g-1; 14% of the samples exceeded the limit that determines hygienic feed quality. More than twenty species belonging to the five most important mycotoxigenic mould genera were recovered. Among the analyzed mycotoxins, aflatoxins were recovered in 100% of the examined samples, deoxynivalenol in 95%, fumonisins in 100%, ochratoxin A in 98%, T2 toxin in 98%, and zearalenone in 100%. Cooccurrence of mycotoxins was observed in 100% of the samples analyzed. Exposure to multiple mycotoxins was thus demonstrated for these animals.

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“…Noteworthy, once mycotoxins are present they are difficult to remove as some of these are thermally stable (Magan and Olsen, ). Other fungi species of the genus Eurotium , reported by Grabowski and Klein, produce echinulin and neoechinulin, which have been suggested to be toxic for animals (Ali et al., ; Pitt and Hocking, ). The potential toxicity of mycotoxins for insects is uncertain.…”

Section: Biological Hazardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel foods: a risk profile for the house cricket (Acheta domesticus)

Fernández-Cassi¹,

Supeanu²,

Jansson³

et al. 2018

EFS2

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Novel foods could represent a sustainable alternative to traditional farming and conventional foodstuffs. Starting in 2018, Regulation (EU) 2283/2015 entered into force, laying down provisions for the approval of novel foods in Europe, including insects. This Approved Regulation establishes the requirements that enable Food Business Operators to bring new foods into the EU market, while ensuring high levels of food safety for European consumers. The present risk profile tackles the hazards for one of the most promising novel food insects, the house cricket (Acheta domesticus). The risk profile envisages a closed A. domesticus crickets rearing system, under Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) and good farming practices (GFP), in contrast with open cricket farms. The methodology used involves screening the literature and identifying possible hazards, followed by adding relevant inclusion criteria for the evidence obtained. These criteria include animal health and food safety aspects, for the entire lifespan of crickets, based on the farm to fork One Health principle. When data were scarce, comparative evidence from close relatives of the Orthoptera genus was used (e.g. grasshoppers, locusts and other cricket species). Nevertheless, significant data gaps in animal health and food safety are present. Even if HACCP‐type systems are implemented, the risk profile identifies the following considerable concerns: (1) high total aerobic bacterial counts; (2) survival of spore‐forming bacteria following thermal processing; (3) allergenicity of insects and insect‐derived products; and (4) the bioaccumulation of heavy metals (e.g. cadmium). Other hazards like parasites, fungi, viruses, prions, antimicrobial resistance and toxins are ranked as low risk. For some hazards, a need for additional evidence is highlighted.

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Toxicity of echinulin from Aspergillus chevalieri in rabbits

Cited by 16 publications

References 4 publications

Antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities of secondary metabolites from the fungus Eurotium repens

Antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities of secondary metabolites from the fungus Eurotium repens

Mycoflora and Natural Incidence of Selected Mycotoxins in Rabbit and Chinchilla Feeds

Novel foods: a risk profile for the house cricket (Acheta domesticus)

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