Toxicity of Copper Oxide (CuO) Nanoparticles on Human Blood Lymphocytes

Abstract

CuO nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) serve several important functions in human life, particularly in the fields of medicine, engineering, and technology. These nanoparticles have been utilized as catalysts, semiconductors, sensors, gaseous and solid ceramic pigments, and magnet rotatable devices. Further use for CuO-NPs has been employed in the pharmaceutical industry especially in the production of anti-microbial fabric treatments or prevention of infections caused by Escherichia coli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Two key potential routes of exposure to CuO-NPs exist through inhalation and skin exposure. Toxicity of these nanoparticles has been reported in various studies; however, no study as of yet has investigated the complete cellular mechanisms involved in CuO-NPs toxicity on human cells. The aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxicity of CuO-NPs on human blood lymphocytes. Blood lymphocytes were obtained from healthy male subjects through the use of Ficoll polysaccharide subsequently by gradient centrifugation. The following parameters were assayed in blood lymphocytes after a 6-h incubation with different concentrations of CuO-NPs: cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, lipid peroxidation, cellular glutathione levels, and mitochondrial and lysosomal damage. Our results demonstrate that CuO-NPs, in particular, decreased cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner and the IC50 determined was 382 μM. CuO-NP cytotoxicity was associated with significant increase at intracellular ROS level and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and lysosomal membrane leakiness. Hence, CuO-NPs are shown to effectively induce oxidative stress in addition to inflict damage on mitochondria and lysosomes in human blood lymphocytes.

Retracted: In vitro genotoxicity assessment of nickel(II) oxide nanoparticles on lymphocytes of human peripheral blood

“…Trypan blue dye exclusion assay (Phillips, 1973) For elucidating the mechanism for genotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and lipid peroxidation, 6-, 12-and 18-hour time intervals were selected to overcome the state of a large number of dead cells as IC 50 concentration was already determined for NiO-NPs in HPBLs after 24 hours of treatment. When the number of inactive cells is high (after 24 hours), the mechanistic parameter cannot be estimated, as ROS concentrations may decrease to zero in the dead cells and all ROS-related parameters may be wrongly documented (Assadian et al, 2018). 2.8 | Acridine orange and ethidium bromide staining for morphological analysis AO and EB staining of HPBL cells post-exposure to NiO-NPs for cellular morphological estimations was performed as per the procedure described by Spector, Goldman and Leinwand (1998). After the treatment, approximately 5 × 10 5 cells per well were incubated with 25 μg/mL of AO and EB staining solution (3.8 μM of AO and 2.5 μM of EB in PBS).…”

Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Cellular Toxicity in Liver and Intestine Cell Lines

“…CuO-NPs induced oxidative damage in human keratinocytes, 46 lymphocytes, 35 hemocytes and gill cells, 47 lungs epithelial, 1,11,29,41 airway epithelial, 31 and HepG2 cells, 17,19 and in mouse BALB 3T3 embryonic fibroblasts. 12 CuO-NPs caused up-regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in mouse endothelial cells via oxidative stress.…”

“…Luo et al indicated CuO-NPs induced a decrease in viability, migration inhibition, G2/M phase cycle arrest, and especially mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in human keratinocytes and mouse embryonic fibroblasts. 27 The cell viability of CuO-NPs decreased in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (48% at 10 µg/mL), 12 and neuroblastoma (37% at 400 µg/mL) cells, 28 in human lung epithelial (93% at 20 µg/cm 2 and 50% at 15 µg/mL), 29,30 airway epithelial (60% at 80 µg/cm 2 ), 31 alveolar adenocarcinomas epithelial (75% at 11 µg/mL), 32 neuroblastoma (60%-70% at 0.01-10 µM), neuroglioma (25%-60% at 0.01-10 µM), 33 C6 glioblastoma (10-1000 µM), 34 cardiac microvascular endothelial, 15 lymphocytes (50% at 0.04 mM), 35 and colon cancer (50% at 40 µg/ mL)cell lines. 36 Muoth et al reported CuO-NPs caused a decrease in human chorionic gonadotropin release and microtissue viability in a 3D co-culture cell model of placental fibroblasts surrounded by a trophoblast cell.…”

Trifluoperazine an Antipsychotic Drug and Inhibitor of Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Protects Cytarabine and Ifosfamide-Induced Neurotoxicity

“…Cells at 70 % confluence were treated for 1, 2 and 3 h in normal medium or medium with different concentrations of Ara-C (113, 226 and 452 µM) or IFOS (145, 290 and 580 µM) or IC50 3 h Ara-C/IFOS + 100 μM TFP. After the incubation time, medium was replaced by 1 µM rhodamine-123 containing medium, after 15 min incubation, the medium was removed, and the fluorescence intensity was measured by fluorescence spectrophotometer (Shimadzu RF5000U) at the excitation wavelength of 470 nm and the emission wavelength of 540 nm [21].…”