Toxicity of Copper in the Presence of Organic Substances in Sewage Sludge

Carlson-Ekvall, C. E. A.; Morrison, Gregory M.

doi:10.1080/09593331608616266

Cited by 25 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Carlson-Ekvall and Morrison (8) showed that the Cu toxicity of sewage sludge to the bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum was greatly enhanced in the presence of organic complexes such as oxine that could form lipid-soluble Cu complexes. Similarly Florence and co-workers showed that the complex Cu(Ox)2 0 is toxic to the marine diatom Nitzchia closterium (9)(10)(11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uptake of ⁶⁴Cu−Oxine by Marine Phytoplankton

Croot

Karlson

Elteren

et al. 1999

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Short-term uptake experiments using five phytoplankton species (Synechococcus clone DC2, Amphidinium carterae, Chrysochromulina polylepis, Ditylum brightwelli, and Prorocentrum micans) demonstrated rapid uptake of the lipophilic complex 64 Cu-oxine, presumably by diffusion of the complex across the plasma membrane. This passive uptake mechanism was extremely rapid and significantly faster than facilitated uptake by the free metal ion. Measured values of the observed permeability, P obs , ranged from 0.55 to 18.6 × 10 -4 cm s -1 , showing only small differences between the various algal species. Removal rate constants, k bio , varied much more widely, 0.009-570 × 10 -9 L cell -1 h -1 , between the algae, indicating the influence of surface area on the uptake kinetics. Maximum internal Cu levels were reached after approximately 2 h, showing that a major limiting factor in the uptake of Cu from Cuoxine is the concentration of intracellular Cu binding sites. IntroductionIt is now well established that low molecular weight lipophilic organic complexes can be taken up by microorganisms via passive diffusion across the plasma membrane of the cell (1-3). The presence of a lipid bilayer acts as a barrier for aqueous hydrophilic molecules, but small lipophilic molecules can readily diffuse through the membrane. The diffusion of lipophilic organic metal complexes across a cell membrane is a process that has, until recently, been neglected in studies of the uptake mechanisms for metals by phytoplankton. The free metal ion model of metal uptake has been used extensively for assessing the criteria of metal bioavailability and toxicity to phytoplankton over the past 20 years (4-6). In the free ion model, it is assumed that an equilibrium is established between the inorganic metal species in solution and the specific cell surface transport sites. Subsequently, metal complexed to the surface sites is transported across the cell membrane and into the cytosol. Only the labile inorganic species are considered to be directly utilized by the cell, with the metals chelated to organic ligands being essentially inert and instead acting as a buffer for the free metal ion in solution. The early laboratory studies that addressed the free ion mechanism used organic ligands such as ethylenediamine-tetraacetate (EDTA 4-) or nitriliotriacetate (NTA 3-); these form low molecular weight anionic hydrophilic complexes such as CuEDTA 2-and CuNTA -.In contrast to uptake via a free metal ion mechanism, only a few studies have shown that lipophilic organic metal complexes can be directly assimilated by microorganisms (see review by Campbell (7)). Carlson-Ekvall and Morrison (8) showed that the Cu toxicity of sewage sludge to the bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum was greatly enhanced in the presence of organic complexes such as oxine that could form lipid-soluble Cu complexes. Similarly Florence and co-workers showed that the complex Cu(Ox)2 0 is toxic to the marine diatom Nitzchia closterium (9-11). Recently it has also been shown in work by Phinney...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uptake of ⁶⁴Cu−Oxine by Marine Phytoplankton

Croot

Karlson

Elteren

et al. 1999

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Second, a scenario often overlooked and the focus of this study, is the need to protect the biological WWTS from toxic shocks that can kill the remediating microflora, ultimately leading to loss of treatment. In large industrial plants it is almost impossible to trace the reasons for treatment loss, where factors relating to continuous chemical flux; process and raw material variations; partition phenomena (Mayer et al ., 1999; Artola‐Garicano et al ., 2003); metal interactions (Preston et al ., 2000); and synergistic toxic effects (Carlson‐Ekvall and Morrison, 1995) tend to be present. Consequently, pollution episodes are very difficult to predict and with new legislation (European Commission Council Directive, 1996) operators are facing financial penalties for discharging industrial effluents at concentrations above guidelines (dos Santos et al ., 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calibration and deployment of custom‐designed bioreporters for protecting biological remediation consortia from toxic shock

Wiles

Lilley²,

Philp

et al. 2004

Environmental Microbiology

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We have previously described the development of a panel of site-specific lux-based bioreporters from an industrial wastewater treatment system remediating coking effluents. The Pseudomonad strains carry a stable chromosomal copy of the luxCDABE operon from Photorhabdus luminescens and display proportional responses in bioluminescence decay with increasing phenol concentration up to 800 mg l-1. In this work we describe their deployment to provide a strategic sensing network for protecting bacterial communities involved in the biological breakdown of coking effluents. This evaluation demonstrated the utility of strategic placement of reporters around heavy industry treatment systems and the reliability of the reporter strains under normal operational conditions. Mono-phenol or total phenolic variation within the treatment system accounted for>65-80% of the luminescence response. The reporters exhibited stable luminescence output during normal operations with maximum standard deviations of luminescence over time of c. 5-15% depending on the treatment compartment. Furthermore, deployment of the bioreporters over a 5-month period allowed the determination of an operational range (OR) for each reporter for effluent samples from each compartment. The OR allowed a convenient measure of toxicity effects between treatment compartments and accurately reflected a specific pollution event occurring within compartments of the treatment system. This work demonstrates the utility of genetic modification to provide ecologically relevant bioreporters, extends the sensing capabilities currently obtained through marine derived biosensors and significantly enhances the potential for in situ deployment of reporting agents.

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“…More specifically, components of sewage sludge include organics and inorganic substances derived from domestic sewage and industry (Carlson-Ekvall and Morrison, 1995a;Klo¨pffer, 1996). These contaminants include heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd), linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LASs), nonyl phenol (NP), phthalates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane), DDE/DDT, and polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%