Toxicity of Chlorpyrifos to Larval Rana dalmatina: Acute and Chronic Effects on Survival, Development, Growth and Gill Apparatus

Bernabò, Ilaria; Sperone, Emilio; Tripepi, Sandro; Brunelli, Elvira

doi:10.1007/s00244-011-9655-1

Cited by 59 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Connection to teratogenesis by growth inhibition in larvae remained unclear, although total length decrease in larvae occurred at concentrations more than five times lower than the LC 50 value. Bantle et al 1999;Fort and Rogers 2005) Narcotic effects are usually observed during exposure of early developmental stages of anurans to insecticides (e.g., Bernabò et al 2011;Yu et al 2013). For example, twitching, convulsion, and narcosis in X. laevis embryos was observed during exposure to a-cypermethrin (Yu et al 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Acute Toxic Effects of the Herbicide Formulation Focus® Ultra on Embryos and Larvae of the Moroccan Painted Frog, Discoglossus scovazzi

Wagner

Lötters

Veith

et al. 2015

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

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For regulatory and scientific purposes, there is a need to understand the sensitivity of a wider variety of wild species of amphibians and the sensitivities within their life stages to chemicals of widespread use such as herbicides. We investigated the acute toxic effects of the herbicide formulation Focus Ultra [with the active ingredient (a.i.) cycloxydim plus solvent naphtha and sodium dioctylsulphosuccinate as added substances] on embryos and early stage larvae of the Moroccan painted frog (Discoglossus scovazzi). Different clinical signs (twitching, convulsion, and narcosis) occurred at 40 and 80 mg/L in embryos (4 and 8 mg a.i./L) and narcotic effects (total immobilization or irregular escape responses) at 10, 15, and 20 mg/L in larvae (1, 1.5, and 2 mg a.i./L). Growth inhibition (total length), starting at 20 mg/L in embryos and 2.5 mg/L in larvae (2 and 0.25 mg a.i./L, respectively) was understood as sign of toxicity (retardation) and not as sign of teratogenicity. However, the connection to teratogenesis remained unclear though total length reduction occurred at concentrations <20 % of the 96-h LC50 value and at a minimum concentration that inhibits growth of only 17 % of the 96-h LC50 value. Starting at 20 mg/L, mortality in embryos significantly increased and at 15 mg/L in early larvae (2 and 1.5 mg a.i./L, respectively). Mortality of larvae was enhanced during the first 24 h of exposure to 15 and 20 mg/L (1.5 and 2 mg a.i./L). Morphology of the embryos remained unobtrusive. In contrary, axial malformations significantly increased in the early larvae starting at 10 mg/L (1 mg a.i./L), a concentration free of lethal effects. In all considered end points, larvae were significantly more sensitive than embryos, probably because of developmental and physiological properties or different exposure and bioavailability of the compound. Focus Ultra induced comparable lethal and immobilization effects in D. scovazzi as it does to standard test organisms in pesticide approval. However, to validate the apparent safety in the field, which is based on calculated surface water concentrations of the a.i., more data on real contamination levels is necessary (e.g., peak concentrations, concentrations of added substances). Furthermore, sufficient buffer strips between the farmland and amphibian ponds must be considered, and the effects of the substance on terrestrial life stages have not been assessed yet.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Acute Toxic Effects of the Herbicide Formulation Focus® Ultra on Embryos and Larvae of the Moroccan Painted Frog, Discoglossus scovazzi

Wagner

Lötters

Veith

et al. 2015

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

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“…affect development at the biochemical and endocrine levels with maladaptive ramifications for behavior, growth, and longevity in amphibians and fish (Bernabo et al 2011;Weis et al 2001). Early exposure to food limitation or disrupted parental care in birds and mammals, or low socioeconomic status in humans, affects neural development related to cognition (Buchanan et al 2013).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to sublethal concentrations of a pesticide or predator cues induces changes in brain architecture in larval amphibians

et al. 2015

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Naturally occurring environmental factors shape developmental trajectories to produce variable phenotypes. Such developmental phenotypic plasticity can have important effects on fitness, and has been demonstrated for numerous behavioral and morphological traits. However, surprisingly few studies have examined developmental plasticity of the nervous system in response to naturally occurring environmental variation, despite accumulating evidence for neuroplasticity in a variety of organisms. Here, we asked whether the brain is developmentally plastic by exposing larval amphibians to natural and anthropogenic factors. Leopard frog tadpoles were exposed to predator cues, reduced food availability, or sublethal concentrations of the pesticide chlorpyrifos in semi-natural enclosures. Mass, growth, survival, activity, larval period, external morphology, brain mass, and brain morphology were measured in tadpoles and after metamorphosis. Tadpoles in the experimental treatments had lower masses than controls, although developmental rates and survival were similar. Tadpoles exposed to predator cues or a high dose of chlorpyrifos had altered body shapes compared to controls. In addition, brains from tadpoles exposed to predator cues or a low dose of chlorpyrifos were narrower and shorter in several dimensions compared to control tadpoles and tadpoles with low food availability. Interestingly, the changes in brain morphology present at the tadpole stage did not persist in the metamorphs. Our results show that brain morphology is a developmentally plastic trait that is responsive to ecologically relevant natural and anthropogenic factors. Whether these effects on brain morphology are linked to performance or fitness is unknown.

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“…This insecticide poisons the stomach of the pest (Kienle et al, 2009) and inhibits enzyme activity by binding the enzyme acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) through phosphorylation (Palma et al, 2009;Jin et al, 2015). Its' potential danger to humans, however, has made the US Environmental Protection Agency impose a ban on its sale for residential use (US EPA, 2006), while no such ban exists in Europe as chlorpyrifos is one of the top-selling insecticides (Bernabò et al, 2011). Chlorpyrifos is relatively persistent in nature as compared to other organophosporus insecticides, with a half-life in watersediment systems ranging from 29 to 74 days (Palma et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chlorpyrifos shows a high toxicity to non-target aquatic organisms including vertebrates (Kienle et al, 2009;Bernabò et al, 2011;Xing et al, 2012;Jin et al, 2015) and invertebrates (Daam et al, 2008;Palma et al, 2009;Rubach et al, 2011Rubach et al, , 2012. Like other groups of vertebrates, fish embryos and larvae are also considered to be the most sensitive stages in the life cycle and sensitive to low levels of environmental pollutants (Marimuthu et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The release of this insecticide into the aquatic environment may have potential toxic effects on non-target aquatic organisms like invertebrates (Maltby et al, 2005;Daam et al, 2008;Palma et al, 2008;Rubach et al, 2011;, and vertebrates (Maltby et al, 2005;Oruç, 2010;Bernabò et al, 2011;Manjunatha and Philip, 2016;. Among vertebrates, fish is often used as suitable bio-indicator, because of their wide distribution in aquatic environment, long lifespan, free swimming, ability to respond against environmental xenobiotics, and importance as a food source for human beings (Gupta et al, 2009;Narra et al, 2011;Correia et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of insecticides on aquatic ecosystems in Bangladesh

Sumon

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Toxicity of Chlorpyrifos to Larval Rana dalmatina: Acute and Chronic Effects on Survival, Development, Growth and Gill Apparatus

Cited by 59 publications

References 60 publications

Acute Toxic Effects of the Herbicide Formulation Focus® Ultra on Embryos and Larvae of the Moroccan Painted Frog, Discoglossus scovazzi

Acute Toxic Effects of the Herbicide Formulation Focus® Ultra on Embryos and Larvae of the Moroccan Painted Frog, Discoglossus scovazzi

Exposure to sublethal concentrations of a pesticide or predator cues induces changes in brain architecture in larval amphibians

Effects of insecticides on aquatic ecosystems in Bangladesh

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