Toxicity of carbon dots – Effect of surface functionalization on the cell viability, reactive oxygen species generation and cell cycle

One‐Pot Hydrothermal Synthesis of Elements (B, N, P)‐Doped Fluorescent Carbon Dots for Cell Labelling, Differentiation and Outgrowth of Neuronal Cells

“…Due to low cytotoxicity of CDs are considered as promising fluorescence probe in biomedical and neural tissue engineering applications. The cell viability of CDs also depends on several other parameters, such as size of the particles, zeta potential, stability, coating material on surface, aggregation and functionalization . The prepared samples are nontoxic even at a concentration of 0.2 mg/mL to PC12 cells, which makes them feasible to use in neuroengineering applications.…”

NIR‐responsive nanomaterials and their applications; upconversion nanoparticles and carbon dots: a perspective

“…found no toxicity after performing serum biochemistry assays and organ histopathological analyses in mice at a CDs dosage of 40 mg CDs/kg body weight. Both of their findings indicate biocompatibility and low toxicity of CDs at high concentration, this has led to the widespread application of CDs in biological fields . By using a one‐pot pyrolysis method, Ardekani et al .…”

“…Both of their findings indicate biocompatibility and low toxicity of CDs at high concentration, this has led to the widespread application of CDs in biological fields. 50,[62][63][64][65][66] By using a one-pot pyrolysis method, Ardekani et al 67 synthesized nitrogen-doped and surface passivated CDs with high w/w loading capacity of 0.98, with the ability to release the loaded biomolecules via two-photon excitation. This synthesized complex was then delivered to 3D cultured human breast cancer and the synergistic chemo and phototherapy resulted in the death of 78% of the cancer cells.…”

Carbon dots, a powerful non-toxic support for bioimaging by fluorescence nanoscopy and eradication of bacteria by photothermia

“…1 Recently, a new class of carbon nanoparticles, less than 10 nm in diameter, appeared accidently during the purication of carbon nanotubes. 2 These are now described as "Carbon Dots" (CDs) and have attracted considerable attention because of their excellent dispersibility, 3 high chemical stability and photostability, 4 excellent biocompatibility, 5 low toxicity 6 and low cost of fabrication. 7 There are, therefore, myriad possibilities for these nanoparticles in different domains of application, such as chemical sensing, 8 photocatalysis, 9,10 electrocatalysis, 11 bioimaging, 12,13 drug delivery, 14,15 photodynamic therapy, 16,17 biosensors, 18,19 etc.…”