Toxicity of antimony, copper, cobalt, manganese, titanium and zinc oxide nanoparticles for the alveolar and intestinal epithelial barrier cells in vitro

Abstract

Heavy metals are found naturally on Earth and exposure to them in the living environment is increasing as a consequence of human activity. The toxicity of six different metal oxide nanoparticles (NP) at different points in time was compared using resazurin assay. After incubating Caco2 and A549 cells with 100 lg/mL of Sb 2 O 3 , Mn 3 O 4 and TiO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) for 24 h no toxic effects were observed while Co 3 O 4 and ZnO NPs had moderate effects and CuO NPs were toxic below 100 lg/mL (24 h EC 25 = 11 for A549 and 71 lg/mL for Caco2). The long-term monitoring (up to 9 days) of cells to NPs revealed that the toxic effects of Mn 3 O 4 and Sb 2 O 3 NPs remarkably increased over time. The 9 day EC 50 values for Sb 2 O 3 NPs were 22 and 48 lg/mL for A549 and Caco2 cells; and for Mn 3 O 4 NPs were 47 and 29 lg/mL for A549 and Caco2 cells, respectively. In general, the sensitivity of the cell lines in the resazurin assay was comparable. Trans epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements were performed for both cell types exposed to Co 3 O 4 , Sb 2 O 3 and CuO NPs. In TEER assay, the Caco2 cells were more susceptible to the toxic effects of these NPs than A549 cells, where the most toxic NPs were the Sb 2 O 3 NPs: the permeability of the Caco2 cell layer exposed to 10 lg/mL Sb 2 O 3 NPs already increased after 24 h of exposure.Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article

Chronic exposure of the freshwater alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata to five oxide nanoparticles: Hazard assessment and cytotoxicity mechanisms

“…6). A similar effect (inhibition of esterase activity) was observed in alveolar and intestinal cells exposed to Mn 3 O 4 NPs (Titma et al, 2016).…”

Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Cellular Toxicity in Liver and Intestine Cell Lines

“…19 Titma et al used Resazurin assay and TEER test to evaluate the changes in metabolic activity and permeability in Caco-2 and A549 cell lines (IC25 was 71 µg/mL). 32 Viability of 48% at 10 µg/mL by Siddiqui et al and 4.69 mg/L as IC 50 value by Wang et al were found in HepG2 cells exposed to CuO-NPs. 17,18 Singh et al used HepG2 cell line as a model to evaluate their cytotoxic effect in textile fabrics, which be used CuO-NPs for being impregnated and reported a decrease of cell viability by 20-25% after 24 h. 39 CuO-NPs induced DNA damage in all cells (1.2 -9.6 -fold; P≤0.05).…”

“…Luo et al indicated CuO-NPs induced a decrease in viability, migration inhibition, G2/M phase cycle arrest, and especially mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in human keratinocytes and mouse embryonic fibroblasts. 27 The cell viability of CuO-NPs decreased in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (48% at 10 µg/mL), 12 and neuroblastoma (37% at 400 µg/mL) cells, 28 in human lung epithelial (93% at 20 µg/cm 2 and 50% at 15 µg/mL), 29,30 airway epithelial (60% at 80 µg/cm 2 ), 31 alveolar adenocarcinomas epithelial (75% at 11 µg/mL), 32 neuroblastoma (60%-70% at 0.01-10 µM), neuroglioma (25%-60% at 0.01-10 µM), 33 C6 glioblastoma (10-1000 µM), 34 cardiac microvascular endothelial, 15 lymphocytes (50% at 0.04 mM), 35 and colon cancer (50% at 40 µg/ mL)cell lines. 36 Muoth et al reported CuO-NPs caused a decrease in human chorionic gonadotropin release and microtissue viability in a 3D co-culture cell model of placental fibroblasts surrounded by a trophoblast cell.…”

Cytochrome P450-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production contributes to Mn3O4 nanoparticle-caused liver injury

“…To date, only a few studies have investigated the biological effect of Mn 3 O 4 NPs on mammals. [10][11][12][13] The Mn 3 O 4 NPs could be internalized by the mammalian cells, resulting in reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and generating cytotoxicity. 10 However, there is no evidence that ROS production is the reason driving the cytotoxicity of Mn 3 O 4 NPs.…”