Toxicity, Natural and Induced Degradation of Chlorpyrifos

Abstract

The increase in demand for agricultural products due to the growing population led to excessive inputs of pesticides in the agriculture field which resulted in contamination of the environmental segments of life i.e. air, water, and soil. Chlorpyrifos is one of the most extensively used broad-spectrum organophosphate insecticides. The usage and broad-spectrum applicability of chlorpyrifos lead to widespread contamination in the environment and serious damage to non-target organisms. Moreover, metabolites of chlorpyrifos i.e. chlorpyrifos-oxon and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol are found to be more toxic than its parent compound. This review emphasizes on various toxic effects of chlorpyrifos and its metabolites on living organisms. The efforts put to develop the efficient methods for the degradation of the insecticide in soil and water i.e. photocatalytic, biodegradation, electrochemical and others have been discussed. Analytical techniques used for the study of degraded products and various intermediates formed during degradation under different conditions are summarized. It also includes the general pathway for the degradation of chlorpyrifos. The review will help in the development of tools for degradation and mineralization of organophosphate pesticides by knowing the mechanism of degradation and applicability of the developed process at a large scale.

Identification and dissipation of chlorpyrifos and its main metabolite 3,5,6-TCP during wheat growth by UPLC-QTOF/MS

“…Chlorpyrifos is an effective organophosphorus pesticide that is widely used worldwide (Bose et al 2021;Sud et al 2020). Its degradation behavior in the environment and organisms, the types of metabolites, metabolic pathways and the fate of metabolites in the environment will affect the ecological environment and the safety of organisms (Akbar and Sultan 2016; Sanchez-Hernandez and Sandoval 2017).…”

Photodegradation study of the fenvalerate insecticide by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and GC-MS and structural elucidation of its transformation products

“…1,6 Thus, pesticide degradation can also take place by photochemistry, [7][8][9] as well as by electrodecomposition and thermal decomposition. [10][11][12] It is worthwhile to point out that, in some cases, the pesticide degradation products are more toxic than the native substances 13 and that pesticide molecules can be degraded relatively rapidly in plants and soils according to the types of treatments and agronomic practices. 14,15 Synthetic pyrethroids are like the natural pyrethrins and were widely used in agriculture and as household insecticides.…”

“…[26][27][28] Moreover, studies conducted on fenvalerate-exposed workers suggested that this insecticide or its transformation products induced morphologic abnormality and genotoxic defects of spermatozoa. 29 In the present work, we investigated the fenvalerate photolysis by proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR), 13 C NMR, and GC-MS, using a solar light simulator as an irradiation source. Firstly, the kinetics of proton and carbon disappearance related to the observed variation of their chemical shifts were followed by 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR, respectively, which permitted us to determine the sites of bond cleavage and the formation of intermediate radicals.…”

“…29 In the present work, we investigated the fenvalerate photolysis by proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR), 13 C NMR, and GC-MS, using a solar light simulator as an irradiation source. Firstly, the kinetics of proton and carbon disappearance related to the observed variation of their chemical shifts were followed by 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR, respectively, which permitted us to determine the sites of bond cleavage and the formation of intermediate radicals. Secondly, GC-MS allowed us to monitor the fenvalerate photolysis and identify the photoproducts formed from the intermediate radicals.…”

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The photolysis of fenvalerate, a pyrethroid insecticide, was studied in acetonitrile by 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and 13 C NMR to identify the site of bond cleavage and gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) to establish the chemical structure of fenvalerate photoproducts. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation of fenvalerate solutions was performed for 18 h with a solar light simulator, and the photolysis reaction obeyed first-order kinetics.

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