Toxicity in Resting Cysts of the Red-Tide Dinoflagellate
            <i>Gonyaulax excavata</i>
            from Deeper Water Coastal Sediments

Dale, Barrie; Yentsch, Clarice M.; Hurst, John W.

doi:10.1126/science.201.4362.1223

Cited by 65 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…While rapid germination was induced after 1 mo of storage at 22°C, dormancy was extended at 5°C (Anderson 1980). Comparable data on dinoflagellate dormancy are based on cyst germination conditioned to habitat temperatures: a 3 mo mandatory resting period was found for Gonyaulax digitale from the Woods Hole region (Wall & Dale 1968), and a 4 mo resting period for Alexandrium tamarense isolated from 90 m depth in the Gulf of Maine (Dale et al 1978). Therefore, ambient temperature is a major factor controlling the duration of the dormant period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal relationships between cyst germination and vegetative population of Scrippsiella trochoidea (Dinophyceae)

Kim¹,

Han²

2000

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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The seasonal occurrence of vegetative cells and cysts of the dinoflagellate Scrippsiella trochoidea in the water column was investigated in Yongil Bay (southeastern coast of Korea). To measure germination ratios of cysts, cysts were isolated monthly from natural sediment samples and incubated in the laboratory. Vegetative cell numbers peaked in June to July, when the surface water temperature increased to over 18°C. Mass encystments were detected in the water column in August 1996 and July 1997, when the vegetative population flourished. Active germination was observed during the period of decreasing water temperature in September and October, when the vegetative population declined. Thus, there was an opposing pattern of seasonality in the potential germination of cysts and the proliferation of vegetative cells, whereby decreases in one paralleled increases in the other. The dormant period of cysts was ca 60 d, far longer than reported previously. Germination ratios increased in October 1996 and September 1997 after a 2 mo dormancy period following the mass encystments. Germination appears to be flexible with respect with length of dormancy and the age composition of cysts, both of which are based on the time and the scale of encystments as well as on conditions in the benthic environment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal relationships between cyst germination and vegetative population of Scrippsiella trochoidea (Dinophyceae)

Kim¹,

Han²

2000

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…Similarly, the requisite period of dormancy is 1-2 days, which is much shorter than that recorded for several other dinoflagellates. For example, in Alexandrium species, the dormancy period ranges from 1 to 12 months (Anderson 1980;Dale et al 1978;Figueroa et al 2006;Montresor and Marino 1996;Pé rez et al 1998;Walker and Steidinger 1979). By contrast, the cysts of Gymnodinium catenatum Graham germinate within 2 weeks or less (Bravo and Anderson 1994), and Peridinium gatunense Nygaard cysts excyst within 12 h after formation (Pfiester 1977).…”

Section: Article In Pressmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Life History and Cell Cycle of Kryptoperidinium foliaceum, A Dinoflagellate with Two Eukaryotic Nuclei

Figueroa

Bravo

Fraga

et al. 2009

Protist

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Kryptoperidinium foliaceum is a binucleate dinoflagellate that contains an endosymbiont nucleus of diatom origin. However, it is unknown whether the binucleate condition is permanent or not and how the diatom nucleus behaves during the life history processes. In this sense, it is also unknown if there is a sexual cycle or a resting stage during the life history of this species, two key aspects necessary to understand the life history strategy of this dinoflagellate. To answer these questions, life history and cell cycle studies were performed with the following results: (i) Kryptoperidinium foliaceum has a sexual cycle and in the dinoflagellate strains studied, the binucleate condition is permanent. Sexuality in the host was confirmed by the presence of fusing gamete pairs and planozygotes in clonal cultures (revealing homothallism), but signs of meiosis in the endosymbiont were not observed. The endosymbiont nucleus likely fuses first, because fusing gamete pairs were found to have two dinoflagellate nuclei but only one endosymbiont nucleus. After complete gamete fusion, the planozygotes had apparently normal endosymbiont and dinoflagellate nuclei. (ii) Asexual division studies using flow cytometry showed that the S phase in the endosymbiont (diatom) nucleus starts 6-8 h later than in the host nucleus, but there was no evidence of mitosis in the former. (iii) Sexual and asexual cysts were formed in culture. Neither cysts from natural samples nor those formed in culture exhibited a dormancy period before germination.

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“…It has also been hypothesised that the resting stage of Alexandrium, the benthic cyst itself, may be the source of observed shellfish toxicity (Dale et al, 1978). In the maritime St. Lawrence estuary, large concentrations of cysts have been observed in some regions (Cembella et al, 1988a;Turgeon et al, 1990;Castell et al, 1998).…”

Section: Psp Shellfish Toxicity and Alexandrium Tamarensementioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of paralytic shellfish toxicity in the St. Lawrence region in relationship with the abundance and distribution of <i>Alexandrium tamarense</i>

Blasco¹,

Levasseur²,

Bonneau³

et al. 2003

Sci. Mar.

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SUMMARY: Shellfish toxin data from 11 years and Alexandrium tamarense abundance during 6 of those years are analysed. Comparison of PSP toxicity in Mytilus edulis with PSP toxicity in Mya arenaria shows a significant correlation (r 2 =0.61), with M. edulis being five times more toxic. The results support using M. edulis as a sentinel species for shellfish toxicity in the St. Lawrence region. High interannual variability was found in the PSP and A. tamarense data, but no trends were manifest. Correlation analysis revealed clearly defined geographical station groups. These groups were characterised by seasonal distributions and outbreak times, and were associated with the surface seawater circulation. The results indicate blooms spreading from the open Gulf, upstream toward the Estuary. Since the spring bloom also spreads upstream, we hypothesise that the A. tamarense bloom is just one of the steps in the traditional phytoplankton succession diatoms-dinoflagellates-small flagellates, which is controlled by the classic oceanographic processes of nutrient depletion and water column stratification. A. tamarense distribution over the entire sampled area was similar to the PSP toxicity in M. edulis. In 1993, 59% of PSP variability was explained by A. tamarense. Furthermore, mussel toxin rises with increasing A. tamarense concentration. Shellfish contamination starts as soon as A. tamarense is present in the water. In addition, detoxification starts when A. tamarense decreases below the level of detection. However, the most important finding of this study is that only 1000 A. tamarense cells per litre are sufficient to raise the toxin in the mussels to the level (80 µg STX eq/100 g tissue) at which the closure of shellfish harvesting activities is obligatory.Key words: red tides, harmful algal blooms, dinoflagellate, phytoplankton, PSP, mussels, Mytilus edulis, Mya arenaria. RESUMEN: PAUTAS DE INTOXICACIÓN PARALÍTICA DE MOLUSCOS EN LA REGIÓN CANADIENSE DEL RÍO SAN LORENZO:RELA-CIÓN CON ABUNDANCIA Y DISTRIBUCIÓN DE ALEXANDRIUM TAMARENSE. -Once años de datos de toxina de moluscos y seis años de abundancia de Alexandrium tamarense han sido analizados. La comparación de la toxicidad PSP en Mytilus edulis con la toxicidad PSP en Mya arenaria pone en evidencia una correlación (r2=0.61), siendo M. edulis cinco veces más tóxico. Los resultados sustentan la utilización de M. edulis como especia centinela de la toxicidad de moluscos en la región del San Lorenzo. Se ha encontrado una alta variabilidad interanual en los datos de PSP y de A.tamerense, pero sin un claro patrón reconocible. Análisis de correlaciones reveló claramente la existencia de grupos geográficos de estaciones. Estos grupos se caracterizaban por su semejanza en la distribución estacional y la fecha de aparición de los máximos, y estaban asociados con la circulación superficial del agua del mar. Los resultados indican que la floración de A. tamarense prolifera desde Golfo abierto hacia el estuario. Ya que la floración de fitoplancton primaveral en esta región tam...

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Toxicity in Resting Cysts of the Red-Tide Dinoflagellate Gonyaulax excavata from Deeper Water Coastal Sediments

Cited by 65 publications

References 5 publications

Seasonal relationships between cyst germination and vegetative population of Scrippsiella trochoidea (Dinophyceae)

Seasonal relationships between cyst germination and vegetative population of Scrippsiella trochoidea (Dinophyceae)

The Life History and Cell Cycle of Kryptoperidinium foliaceum, A Dinoflagellate with Two Eukaryotic Nuclei

Patterns of paralytic shellfish toxicity in the St. Lawrence region in relationship with the abundance and distribution of <i>Alexandrium tamarense</i>

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