Toxicity in Oil Meal, Properties of the the Toxic Factor in Trichloroethylene-Extracted Soybean Oil Meal

Seto, Takashi; Schultze, Michael; Perman, V.; Bates, F.; Sautter, J. H.

doi:10.1021/jf60083a010

Cited by 16 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…Despite considerable research (44,46) the precise toxic mechanism involving solvent, meal and cattle was never identified. However, it was hypothesized that trichloroethylene reacted with sulfhydryl groups of the amino acid cysteine, because S-(trans-dichloro-vinyl)-L-cysteine produced the same symptoms when fed to calves.…”

Section: Trichloroethylenementioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of alternative solvents for oils extraction

Johnson

Lusas

1983

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

310

188

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A B S T R A C TA comprehensive review of the literature about use of solvents for extraction of oilseeds is presented. Mention has been found of over 70 solvents. Currently, hexane is the major solvent in use, but recent price increases and safety, environmental and health concerns, have generated interest in alternatives. Solvents vary considerably in chemical and physical properties which affect their performance in oil extraction. The choice of solvent depends upon the primary end product desired (oil or meal). Recent research on alternative solvents has focused on ethanol, isopropanol, methylene chloride, aqueous acetone, and hexane/acetone/water mixtures. I N T R O D U C T I O NSolvent extraction has been defined as a process for transporting materials from one phase to another for the purpose of separating one or more compounds from mixtures. In the case of oilseed extraction, crude vegetable oil is separated by solvent from meal comprising proteins and carbohydrates. Various solvents have been used commercially, and others have been proposed, based on encouraging laboratory results; but currently, hexane is the solvent of choice by oilseed processors. Operating losses of solvent range between 0.2 and 2.0 gallons per ton of seed processed, and a 6-to 8-fold increase in price during the last decade, has made hexane costs a major factor in oilseed milling. Occasional scarcities of hexane, toxicological and environmental concerns, and several catastrophic explosions and fires have motivated searches for alternative solvents. Listings of references for various solvents and their usage were published on two occasions in this journal (1,2); and Hron et al.(3) recently discussed biorenewable solvents. However, a comprehensive review of alternative solvents for oilseeds extraction has not been published. D I S S O L U T I O N T H E O R YSolvent extraction dissolution theory, based on the laws of thermodynamics, has been explained by Sedine and Hasegawa (4). During dissolution, two separate substances, the solute and the solvent, form a molecular mixture. Dissolution is always accompanied by a negative free energy change. Free energy (AG) is related by the Gibbs equation to enthalpy (or heat content (AH)), absolute temperature (T), and entropy (or amount of disorder (AS)) as: z~G=~H-TASBecause dissolution involves mixing of two substances and an increase in their disorder, a positive entropy change, oecu IS.Dissolution involves two endothermic processes and one exothermic. First, solute molecules (whether solid or liquid) separate into isolated molecules. This is an endothermic process. Its energy is called "lattice energy," "heat of sublimation," or "heat of vaporization," and is small when the solute molecules are nonpolar. The separated solute molecules are next dispersed into the solvent. Energy is required to dissociate the solvent molecules, in preparation to accommodate the solute molecules. The energy required increases with increasing intermolecular interactions in the pure solvent in the following order: n...

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Section: Trichloroethylenementioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of alternative solvents for oils extraction

Johnson

Lusas

1983

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

310

188

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“…Biological Assays.-The microbiological assay procedure with Lactobacillus arabinosus 17-5 has been previously described in detail. 6 The general technique for the lettuce seed germination study has been reported4•14; however, in the present study, the pre-soaked seeds were placed on filter paper wet with water alone for germination at 30°in the dark. Received July 21,1958 Treatment of amino acids and peptides with trichloroethylene, under conditions known to produce the bovine aplastic anemia-causing factor in soybean oil meal and other proteins, showed that trichloroethylene reacted readily with the sulfhydryl groups of cysteine and reduced glutathione.…”

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confidence: 95%

“…Several 6-(substituted)-purities have been found to possess activity in many different biological systems; for example, they promote cell division in tobacco callus tissue,1 inhibit hydra tentacle regeneration,2 increase the rate of lettuce seed germination,3•4 stimulate moss bud formation,6 augment the growth inhibition of 2,4-diamino-6,7diphenylpteridine upon Lactobacillus arabinosus, 6 and recently have been observed to act synergistically with gibberellin in promoting seed germination.7 While the group substituted in the 6-position may be modified considerably with retention of biological activity, other changes in the purine nucleus have resulted in compounds which are inactive in most of these test systems. 8 In the present investigation, a number of the more effective 6-(substituted)-purine analogs were modified by introducing an amino group in the 2position.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Biological Activity of Some 2-Amino-6-(substituted)-purines

Leonard¹,

Skinner²,

Lansford³

et al. 1959

J. Am. Chem. Soc.

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Five new 2-amino-6-(substituted)-aminopurines were prepared by a thermal condensation of 2-amino-6-methylthiopurine and the appropriate amine, and all were found to augment the growth inhibition of 2,4-diamino-6,7-diphenylpteridine upon Lactobacillus arabinosus. Some of the diaminopurine derivatives stimulated the rate of lettuce seed germination; however, they were somewhat less active than the corresponding 6-(substituted)-aminopurines.

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“…Multiple citations under a specific name are arranged chronologically. 25 256-260 (1959 199-203 (1958 40, 186-194 (1948 as the compound responsible for the off-flavor which frequently appears in fresh, foam-spray-dried milk manufactured during the warm summer months in urban areas. The flavor threshold of this compound was found to be less than 0.07 part per billion in fresh, whole milk.…”

Section: Arrangement Of Contentsmentioning

confidence: 99%