Toxicity, Hazards, and Safe Handling of Primary Aromatic Amines

Abstract

Aromatic amines (AAs) are an important class of organic compounds that find their application in various industries, such as dye production, rubber manufacturing, and pharmaceutical synthesis. Despite the various applications, they significantly harm human health and the environment. This article provides an overview of the toxicity, hazards, and safe handling of some primary aromatic amines (PAAs), focusing on representative examples, such as aniline, toluidine, nitroaniline, chloroaniline, and naphthylamine. The carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of PAAs are a matter of concern that impacts the health of workers who are occupationally exposed to such chemicals. Nonoccupational exposure to tobacco smoke and household products also causes health issues in elderly patients who remain indoors. Water and soil contamination by these pollutants adversely affects aquatic organisms and groundwater quality. Thus, proper handling and disposal protocols must be followed to minimize their impact on human health and the environment. Additionally, this review discusses the discrepancies between the European Union (EU) and Japan’s hazard categorization for aniline as a specific example. The information presented in this review emphasizes the importance of understanding toxicity, hazards, and safe handling practices associated with PAAs to ensure their responsible use and mitigate potential risks.

Visual Sensor Array for Multiple Aromatic Amines via Specific Ascorbic Acid Oxidase Mimic Triggered Schiff-Base Chemistry

“…Based on these results, it was believed that the constructed sensor array could recognize six aromatic amines as low as 10 μM. According to the integrated wastewater discharge standard of aromatic amines with a concentration of ∼300 μM, , such a sensitivity (10 μM) is sufficient for practical applications. Although some sensing strategies have been developed for these aromatic amines with the sensitivity of 1 nM to 5 μM, , only a single aromatic amine was recognized, which was limited by high-throughput and large-scale screening.…”

Immobilization of Horseradish Peroxidase and Myoglobin Using Sodium Alginate for Treating Organic Pollutants

“…Wastewater, particularly industrial wastewater, often contains organic contaminants such as aniline, phenol, and p-nitrophenol, as these compounds are frequently used in manufacturing and can be released into water supply through industrial discharges [39]. Aniline is an aromatic amine which is used in the production of various chemicals, dyes, and pharmaceuticals [40]. Phenol, chemically referred to as carbolic acid, is a crystalline solid that possesses a white coloration and is predominantly employed in the manufacturing processes of pharmaceuticals, polymers, and resins [41].…”

Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes with Benzoxazole Derivatives and Non‐Innocent Ligands as Effective Antioxidants in Human Neuroblasts

“…[26] Regarding this latter ligand, it is also important to mention that despite the high redox activity, its direct use as potential antioxidant agent should be avoided in consideration of the toxicity issues commonly associated to primary aromatic amines (PAAs). [27] In this view, the insertion of this ligand into non-toxic ruthenium complexes may provide an appealing strategy to take advantage from the properties conferred by such chelate. A chloride ligand then completes the coordinative requirements of the Ru(II) center (Scheme 1).…”