Toxicity evaluation of diethylene glycol and its combined effects with produced waters of off-shore gas platforms in the Adriatic Sea (Italy): Bioassays with marine/estuarine species

Can Artemia Hatching Assay Be a (Sensitive) Alternative Tool to Acute Toxicity Test?

“…Our results are in the same order of magnitude of the unique paper on Artemia long term test with DEG (Manfra et al 2015a). Besides, our data are similar to 96 h LC 50 values reported for DEG exposed Artemia in Tornambè et al (2012). The results on SDS are within the 14d LC 50 range obtained for SDS during an Artemia intercalibration exercise based on the same method; the exercise was organized in Italy at national level (Manfra et al 2015b).…”

“…As a reference toxicant, SDS (Sigma, Italy) was used at the following concentrations: (a) acute test 12.5-100 mg/L (four concentrations in geometric progression 2); (b) long-term test 3.12-50 mg/L (five concentrations in geometric progression 2); (c) hatching test 6.25-50 mg/L (four concentrations in geometric progression 2). The concentration ranges were identified by preliminary tests and literature data (DEG: Savorelli, personal communication, ISPRA 2013, Tornambè et al 2012; SDS: APAT IRSA-CNR 2003, Manfra et al 2012). Preliminarily, the stability of both compounds (24 h measured concentrations) was evaluated under the toxicity test conditions.…”

“…Acute Effective Concentrations (EC) of DiEthylene Glycol (DEG) and Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS) on marine speciesTornambè et al 2012; b Mariani et al 2006; …”

A review of toxicity testing protocols and endpoints with Artemia spp.

“…Cyst hatching occurred 24 h before starting the toxicity test (Instar I stage) in 10 papers Barahona et al, 1994;Brix et al, 2003Brix et al, , 2004Caldwell et al, 2003;Venkateswara Rao et al, 2007;Garaventa et al, 2010;Bustos-Obregon and Vargas, 2010) and 30 h in 3 papers (Persoone et al, 1993;Guerra, 2001; Koutsaftis and Aoyama, 2007). Most authors used 48 h old larvae hatched at 25 ± 2 • C involving during the exposure larvae at Instar II-III (Guzzella, 1997;Hadjispyrou et al, 2001;APAT and IRSA-CNR, 2003;Favilla et al, 2006;Libralato et al, 2007;Savorelli et al, 2007;Pimentel et al, 2009;Manfra et al, 2011Manfra et al, , 2010Kokkali et al, 2011;Prato et al, 2011;Manfra et al, 2012;Tornambè et al, 2012;Leis et al, 2014;Veni and Pushpanathan, 2014;Manfra et al, 2015aManfra et al, ,b, 2016Rotini et al, 2015).…”

An Approach Integrating Chemistry and Toxicity for Monitoring the Offshore Platform Impacts

“…The authors excluded the anthropogenic impact of exploitation activities, with the only exception of a certain enrichment of cadmium and zinc, probably associated to the use of anodic electrodes. Tornambè et al (2012) studied the toxicity of diethylene glycol (chemical additive largely used during oil and gas exploitation by offshore platforms) and its combined effects with produced waters by means acute bioassays with marine/estuarine species. They observed that diethylene glycol is toxic for marine/brackish organisms at concentrations not considered dangerous for the marine environment (orders of g/l) (Cianelli et al, 2008).…”