“…In traditional Chinese, Indian, and Egyptian medicine, cardiotonic steroids from plants, animals, or minerals have been widely used for millennia to treat sores, heart failure, pain, and different types of cancer [17][18][19][20]. For therapeutic applications, the most important amphibian secretions are obtained from toads of the family Bufonidae [6,21] and have been widely used in America, Asia, and Europe as antiviral agents (to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)), as well as for their anti-proliferative [22][23][24], antibacterial [25], antiparasitic [26], insecticidal [27,28], antidiabetic [29], anti-cancer [30,31], anti-inflammatory, and analgesic [7,[32][33][34] activities. Many compounds that occur in toad secretions, e.g., bufalin, telocinobufagin, hellebrin, marinobufagin, and cinobufagin, can vary markedly among individuals, geographic regions, and species in response to environmental conditions, e.g., temperature, and dietary composition, and may involve morphological adaptations [14,35,36].…”