Toxicity Effect of Silver Nanoparticles in Brine ShrimpArtemia

Abstract

The present study revealed the toxic effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in Artemia nauplii and evaluated the mortality rate, hatching percentage, and genotoxic effect in Artemia nauplii/cysts. The AgNPs were commercially purchased and characterized using field emission scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Nanoparticles were spherical in nature and with size range of 30–40 nm. Artemia cysts were collected from salt pan, processed, and hatched in sea water. Artemia nauplii (II instar) were treated using silver nanoparticles of various nanomolar concentrations and LC50 value (10 nM) and mortality rate (24 and 48 hours) was evaluated. Hatching percentage of decapsulated cysts treated with AgNPs was examined. Aggregation of AgNPs in the gut region of nauplii was studied using phase contrast microscope and apoptotic cells in nauplii stained with acridine orange were observed using fluorescence microscope. DNA damage of single cell of nauplii was determined by comet assay. This study showed that as the concentration of AgNPs increased, the mortality rate, aggregation in gut region, apoptotic cells, and DNA damage increased in nauplii, whereas the percentage of hatching in Artemia cysts decreased. Thus this study revealed that the nanomolar concentrations of AgNPs have toxic effect on both Artemia nauplii and cysts.

Nano-sized polystyrene affects feeding, behavior and physiology of brine shrimp Artemia franciscana larvae

“…S2 and the video on the Supplementary Information). This peculiar uptake and sequestration behavior of NPs observed in brine shrimps have been recently described for several NPs (Arulvasu et al, 2014;Ates et al, 2013aAtes et al, , 2013bAuffan et al, 2013;Gambardella et al, 2014;Pretti et al, 2014;Rodd et al, 2014) as well as for PS micro-beads in other zooplankton species (Cole et al, 2013;Lee et al, 2013). Our recent paper on sea urchin embryos was the first contribution showing the accumulation of PS-COOH NPs in embryos during development (Della Torre et al, 2014a).…”

“…CeO 2 , carbon black, graphene, Ag and other metal oxides) likely due to differences in the NPs chemical nature, size, surface properties as well as aggregation in the exposure water media (Arulvasu et al, 2014;Ates et al, 2013aAtes et al, , 2013bAuffan et al, 2013;Gambardella et al, 2014;Pretti et al, 2014;Rodd et al, 2014). Brine shrimps are non-selective filter feeders that can efficiently graze over a wide range of particles sizes, thus likely including synthetic nanomaterials and nanoplastics (Makridis and Vadstein, 1999).…”

The case of Artemia spp. in nanoecotoxicology

“…and nanoparticles are available considering inorganic (n ¼ 10), organic (n ¼ 1) and mixtures (n ¼ 5) of ENMs and other chemicals. They included C 60 and 17a-ethinylestradiol (single substances and binary mixtures) (Park et al, 2010), nPb (Cornejo-Garrido et al, 2011), single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) associated with N-octyl-O-sulphate chitosan (Fatouros et al, 2011), C 60 and nTiO 2 (Rajasree et al, 2011), bare and silica-encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles (Ashtari et al, 2012), nAg (Kumar et al, 2012), uncoated a-Al 2 O 3 and g-Al 2 O 3 (Ates et al, 2013a), nZn and nZnO (Ates et al, 2013b), nTiO 2 (Ates et al, 2013c), carbon black Printex XE2, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), molybdenum compound nanowires and molybdenum oxide nanowires (Baumerte et al, 2013), nAg coupled with squilla chitosan, cephadrin and piperacillin (Gohar et al, 2013), nAu (Karthik et al, 2013), nAg (Arulvasu et al, 2014), nano-SnO 2 , nanoCeO 2 and nano-Fe 3 O 4 (Gambardella et al, 2014), pristine graphene and pristine graphene monolayer flakes and graphene nanopowder grade (Pretti et al, 2014) and nAg and nAu (Vijayan et al, 2014).…”

“…Negative and positive controls were not mentioned. Arulvasu et al (2014) assessed the toxicity effect of silver nanoparticles with Artemia spp. brine shrimps collected from salt pan of Kelambakkam (Chennai, India) using a 150e200 mm mesh net.…”

Determination of TiO2 and AgTiO2 Nanoparticles in Artemia salina: Toxicity, Morphological Changes, Uptake and Depuration

“…The toxic effect of AgNPs such as retarding embryo hatching, reducing the body length of larvae, causing tail malformation and mortality on zebrafish has been identified (Bai et al 2010). The current discharge of silver NPs into the aquatic environment raises concern over catalytic and biocide effect on organisms (Arulvasu et al 2014). Most of the studies regarding silver or TiO 2 toxicity were on vertebrates (fish and mice) and bacteria; however this is the first AgTiO 2 toxicity on invertebrates.…”