Toxicity, dioxin-like activities, and endocrine effects of DDT metabolites—DDA, DDMU, DDMS, and DDCN

Wetterauer, Bernhard; Ricking, Mathias; Otte, Jens C.; Hallare, Arnold V.; Rastall, Andrew; Erdinger, Lothar; Schwarzbauer, Jan; Braunbeck, Thomas; Hollert, Henner

doi:10.1007/s11356-011-0570-9

Cited by 50 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…For example, 2-chloro-1, 1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDMU), 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol (DDOH), bis(4-chlorophenyl)ketone (DBP), and 4,4′-dichlorodiphenylmethane (DDM) are important intermediary metabolites of DDT (Faroon and Harris 2002). Toxicity test showed that some of these DDT metabolites have cytotoxic and estrogenic activities (Wetterauer et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organochlorine pesticides and their metabolites in human breast milk from Shanghai, China

Wang

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are persistent organic pollutants that could cause deleterious effects on human health. Breast milk represents a noninvasive specimen source to assess maternal and infant exposure to OCPs. This study recruited 142 pregnant mothers in 2011-2012 in Shanghai, China, and their breast milk samples were collected during lactation and analyzed for 27 OCP compounds. Detection rates were in a range of 65.5 to 100 %. In particular, metabolites of 2,2-bis(chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT) such as 2-chloro-1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDMU), 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol (DDOH), bis(4-chlorophenyl)ketone (DBP), and 4,4'-dichlorodiphenylmethane (DDM) were detected in most milk samples. DDTs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) were dominant OCPs with mean levels of 316, 49.8, and 41.5 ng/g lipid content, respectively, whereas levels of methoxychlor, ∑Drins, ∑Heptachlor, ∑Chlordane, and ∑Endosulfan were fairly low (0.87-5.6 ng/g lipid content). Milk concentrations of OCPs were weakly correlated with maternal age, body weight, and body mass indexes (BMIs). ∑OCPs in this study were much lower than those in human breast milk samples collected in 2002 and 2007. Consumption of higher amounts of fish was associated with higher milk levels of OCPs. Specific OCP patterns in breast milk samples from migrant mothers in Shanghai reflected features of OCP production, use, and exposure in their home provinces. The probabilistic exposure assessment model reveals that Shanghai infants were exposed to low levels of OCPs through breast milk consumption. However, infants as the vulnerable group might be subject to the potential additive and/or synergistic health effects from complex OCP exposure.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organochlorine pesticides and their metabolites in human breast milk from Shanghai, China

Wang

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…DDT might reduce (Rogan and Gladen, 1985;Rogan et al, 1987;Gladen and Rogan, 1995;Kostyniak et al, 1999), lengthen (Weldon et al, 2006) or have no effect (Cupul-Uicab et al, 2008) on duration of lactation, due to the endocrine disruptive properties of DDT isomers and breakdown products (Wetterauer et al, 2012). The levels of DDT in SA are exceedingly high -the highest yet measured was 59.3 mg/kg ΣDDT mf (milk fat) (Bouwman et al, 1990a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High levels of DDT in breast milk: Intake, risk, lactation duration, and involvement of gender

Bouwman

Kylin

Sereda

et al. 2012

Environmental Pollution

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We investigated presence and levels of DDT in 163 breast milk samples from four South African villages where, in three of them, malaria is controlled with DDT sprayed indoors. Mean ΣDDT levels in breast milk were 18, 11, and 9.5 mg/kg mf (milk fat) from the three DDT-sprayed villages, respectively, including the highest ΣDDT level ever reported for breast milk from South Africa (140 mg/kg mf). Understanding the causes for these differences would be informative for exposure reduction intervention. The Provisional Tolerable Daily Intake (PTDI) for DDT by infants, and the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) were significantly exceeded. DDT had no effect on duration of lactation. There were indications (not significant) from DDT-sprayed villages that first-born female infants drink milk with more ΣDDT than first-born male infants, and vice versa for multipara male and female infants, suggesting gender involvement on levels of DDT in breast milk -requiring further investigation.

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“…The sites at Barby and Magdeburg receive substantial amounts of waste water via the river Saale from the cities Leipzig and Halle [5]. In accordance with this finding, several studies report the contamination of the river Elbe or its tributaries with (xeno)estrogens such as 4-alkylphenols, 4-alkylphenol ethoxylates, 4-alkylphenoxy carboxylates, bisphenol A, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane metabolites [6][7][8][9]. All compounds listed tend to be adsorbed to suspended particulate matter and thus might contribute to sediment contamination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Estrogenic effects along the river saale

Buchinger

Heininger

Schlüsener

et al. 2013

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-Sediments along the river Saale, one of the main tributaries of the river Elbe, were characterized with the yeast estrogen screen to elucidate possible sources of endocrine-disrupting compounds that might contribute to the downstream contamination of the river Elbe. At two sampling sites, elevated levels of estrogenic activity up to 55,000 ng ethinylestradiol equivalents per kilogram sediment dry weight were detected in the respective sediment extracts. Aliquots of the sediment extracts were analyzed for 4-nonylphenols and natural steroidal estrogens as possible candidates with an estrogenic potential. The maximal concentrations of 4-iso-nonylphenol and estrone were 115 mg/kg dry weight and 20 mg/kg dry weight at the sampling site Luppe, which showed in accordance the highest biological activity. Under consideration of compound concentration and compound specific estrogenic activity the 4-iso-nonylphenols contributed most to the observed estrogenic effect. A strong correlation between the measured estrogenic activity and the concentration of the sediment-associated 4-iso-nonylphenol underlines the relevance of this compound class as a xenoestrogen in the catchment area of the river Saale. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:526-534. # 2012 SETAC

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Toxicity, dioxin-like activities, and endocrine effects of DDT metabolites—DDA, DDMU, DDMS, and DDCN

Cited by 50 publications

References 80 publications

Organochlorine pesticides and their metabolites in human breast milk from Shanghai, China

Organochlorine pesticides and their metabolites in human breast milk from Shanghai, China

High levels of DDT in breast milk: Intake, risk, lactation duration, and involvement of gender

Estrogenic effects along the river saale

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