Toxicity and speciation analysis of organotin compounds

Abstract

The use of antifouling paints in shipbuilding has led to a significant concentration of organotin compounds in the marine environment. Antifouling paints have become the main source of tributyltin and triphenyltin derivatives loaded into the sea. The toxicity of organotin compounds has been of great concern. High concentrations of organotin compounds are associated with growth abnormalities in mussels and oysters and have also resulted to the decline in their abundance. High concentration of organotin compounds have also been found in the tissues of marine mammals and its presence has been linked to mass mortalities of marine mammals. It causes imposex and calcification anomalities in mollusks. Seafood is thought to be a possible source of organotin compounds in human. Therefore, to evaluate the environmental distribution and fate of these compounds and to determine the effectives of legal provisions adopted by a number of countries, a variety of analytical methods have been developed for the speciation of organotin compounds in the environment. A detailed review of the toxicity and chemical speciation of organotin compounds is given.

Tributyltin: A Bottom–Up Regulator of the Crangon crangon Population?

“…Later research revealed that the TBT sorption in sediment is characterized by a rapid reversible adsorption stage, where 80% of the final sediment concentration is adsorbed within 10 min (Langston and Pope, 1995;Champ and Seligman, 1996), and a slow, non-reversible stage of TBT diffusion into the porous microstructure of the organic material (Pignatello and Xing, 1996;Ma et al, 2000). A similar instant adsorption process was observed in soil while TBT was not easily leached off (Sunday et al, 2012). The sorption of the majority of the neutral TBT hydroxide form, in sediments from coastal waters at average pH 8 to the organic carbon in the sediment might be the principal process.…”

“…In seawater at average pH 8 and ionic strength 0.5M 93% of the TBT in solution occurs as the hydroxide complex (Arnold et al, 1997), likely favored by the hydrolyzable nature of TBTO, TBT halides and TBT acetate (Eng et al, 1986). The halides were estimated to have a half-life of 60 days in aqueous media (Sunday et al, 2012) while biodegradation half-lives as low as 6 days have been reported in clean harbor water (Cooney, 1988;Adelman et al, 1990). The predominant occurrence of TBT hydroxide in marine systems was an important indication to link the partitioning behavior of TBT to that observed for neutral hydrophobic substances and predictions based on the K ow equilibrium partitioning (Meador, 2000).…”

“…This paper assesses different aspects of TBT pollution in C. crangon in its main distribution range, the southern North Sea and does not focus on an overall review on TBT data and effects in the marine environment, as the TBT levels vary by a high factor in different locations. For comprehensive reviews, we refer to, among other (Evans et al, 1996;Fent, 1996;Champ, 2000;Birchenough et al, 2002;Stronckhorst and van Hattum, 2003;Antizar-Ladislao, 2008;Morton, 2009;Oliveira et al, 2009;Rodríguez et al, 2009;Sousa et al, 2009;Bengtsson and Wernersson, 2012;Sunday et al, 2012;Matthiessen, 2013;Wetzel et al, 2013;OSPAR, 2014;Langston et al, 2015;Nicolaus and Barry, 2015;Wilson et al, 2015;Schøyen et al, 2018).…”

The influence of tin ions on growth and enzymatic activity of entomopathogenic fungi

“…Although the biological functions of Sn have not been described to date, it is difficult to agree with the opinion that Sn is a nonessential metal that is of no importance to organisms [15,16]. Sn compounds affect the physiology of bacteria and fungi [17][18][19][20][21], plants [13,14], and animals [15,17,22,23]. Interactions of Sn with microorganisms are ambiguous, as although Sn and its compounds can be metabolized by some microorganisms, they are toxic to others.…”

Development of a Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet Detection Method for the Analysis of Phenyltin Compounds in Environmental Water and Canned Food Samples

“…Organotin (OTs) compounds are the organometallic pollutants, where aryl or alkyl groups are chemically bonded to tin (Sn). The number and structure of the organic moieties bonded to Sn can significantly alter its physicochemical properties [1][2]. The industrial and agricultural utility of phenyltin compounds has led to the presence of it in food products and environment, resulting into a wide spread risk of human exposure.…”